Unlimited CEUs for 59 at AllCEUs com welcome everybody. Today,’s, presentation is on dialectical, behavior therapy skills. This presentation is based in part on dialectical, behavior therapy a practical guide by Kelly Koerner. This is one of those books that, if you want to do dialectical therapy as a practice, not just look at some of its tools is a must-read. Then it’s also based in part on dialectical, behavior therapy skills, workbook DBT made simple and DBT for substance abusers, which is an article that was published by Marsha Linehan. So the links to those are in your class, but just give you an idea about sort of the breadth of what we’re going to be looking at today. In the short time that we have together, what we’re going to do is take a look at why DDT was created, we’ll look at understanding emotional regulation, dis-regulation and regulation will identify DBT assumptions about both clients and therapists, and we’ll Explore skills to help clients learn to stress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness. As an aside, we’re taking – or I’ve taken the information from this course and combined it with a bunch of other information to make a six-hour on-demand course. That will be available by the end of the week, but for now, we’re just going to hit the highlights in the 1-hour introduction. So why do we care? Why do we want to learn about DBT skills and DBT tools? Many of our clients, experience emotional dysregulation, or the inability to change or regulate their emotional cues experiences, and responses. Think for a minute about any of your clients, if they’re depressed, if they’re anxious, they’ve got anger management issues, something is going on with their emotional states, or they’re not able to either get unstuck or control their behavioral responses. So they may be engaging in self-injurious, behavior risky, behavior, or addictive behaviors. They’ve tried to change and failed, leaving them helpless and hopeless. In a lot of our clients. We try to fit them in not that we should, but we do try to fit them into this box. If you’re depressed, then we’re going to look at these things, and one thing I hope you get from these webinars is the fact that every single client is different and there is no box that we can put them in and you’re, Like well, then, how can you do group therapy? Group therapy is awesome because you can tailor and that’s, part of the challenge of doing psycho. Educational group therapy is tailoring the tools and helping people tailor the tools to meet their individualized needs, but they can get feedback and they can see how different tools can be modified just a little bit to fit different individual needs and untenable emotional experiences that lead to Self-preservation behaviors such as addiction, you know to kind of numb the pain to give them a distraction, nonsuicidal self-injury. We’re talking about cutting, we’re talking about those sorts of things, and then even those suicidal behaviors. At a certain point, the pain has got to stop, so some people may end up going as far as trying to stop the pain by stopping their existence instead of hurting anyone else. People with emotional dysregulation have high sensitivity, so these people tend to be highly hyper-vigilant. They’re aware of a lot of things that go on now. This was created and I want you to really kind of think about it. It was created as a tool or a protocol to use with people with borderline personality disorder. What do we know about people with BPD? They grew up in really ineffectual environments, so they had to be hyper-vigilant about everything that was going on for their safety and security. So you have someone who, either by nature or by nurture, is hyper-vigilant. These situations have been over-generalized. The dangerous situations have been over-generalized, so the world tends to seem more and dangerous, and out of control, people with emotional dysregulation are easily thrown off kilter because they often have a lot of vulnerabilities. They’re not eating. Well, they’re depressed which is contributing to them not being able to sleep. Well, they can’t focus yadda, we’ve talked about vulnerabilities. One thing that dr Turner talks about is no emotional skin and she likens it to someone who has third-degree burns and every single thing, even the air when it touches it, is just excruciating there’s no middle ground. There’s. No, oh! That’s kind of uncomfortable it’s either not hurting or it’s. Excruciating. People with emotional dysregulation are also highly reactive, so they’re hyper-vigilant. They’re aware of everything that’s going on and then every time something happens that sort of triggers their awareness they jump into this immediate fight or flight reaction. Then they’re slow to de-escalate. So we’re talking about situations in which someone is hyper-vigilant. They’re on edge, maybe because of situations in the past or not. They have this sort of persistent fight or flight or frequent fight or flight reaction. And again, I’ll refer back to our dream fatigue class that talked about how the body can only stand to be all hands on deck for so long before it’s just like dude I give up, and then the sense of depression and helplessness and Apathy starts to set in people who are who have emotional dysregulation, really they’re either like flat and none nonexistent in their emotions. They just can’t even deal with it when they should, or they’re, overly reactive and then the person isn’t in a validating environment. What would be a to some of us on a scale of 1 to 10? As far as how distressing something is it’s, probably like an 8 to somebody with emotional dysregulation, think about a time when you were stressed out or you had a lot of vulnerabilities going on. Maybe you had a new baby at home, so you were, ‘t sleeping and your other kids were acting out. There were just all kinds of stuff going on and you reacted to something with an 8 that everybody else was like that. Doesn’t deserve that. Much of a reaction is that’s it what’s wrong with you, people with emotional dysregulation that’s their environment, all the time, everybody’s looking at them and going what’s wrong with you there? This is not that upsetting. So we need to help people understand that their experience is their experience and it’s not for me to say whether it’s a 2 or an 8. For me, it’s a 2, but let’s look at why it’s an 8 for you. So the emotional reaction – and this is I didn’t – get red eye reduction when I took this picture of bruit but bless his heart. When I got him, he was a rescue and he had such terrible terrible abandonment issues and is so hyper-vigilant. Even to this day, I’ve only had him like four months, but he’s hyper-aware of stimuli and people can be hyper. Aware of stimuli so anytime somebody moves, he’s up, he’s. Looking he’s like. Are you going to leave me alone again when he perceived that something is changing when there was a threat, he goes into all hands on deck and turned into a survival sort of thing and starts acting out? He goes and finds toys and brings them to me. Heaven forbid. We should have to put him out in the garage because we have visitors or something and it’s. You know climate controlled, it’s not like it’s horrible, but he will sit out there and how, until I let him in or go out and tell him it’s going to be okay, now see as a person I’m going. That is not a valid reaction. He’s like totally overreacting to having to spend ten minutes in the garage, whereas from his perspective he’s not overreacting, because in the past when he’s been put in the garage he left out there for days weeks months. Who knows I don’t know his story too. Well, now I use that to kind of highlight the fact that people with emotional dysregulation don’t know what their experience was. What they’re doing is trying to survive. Now they may be trying to survive a situation in their past. You know when there were six and we’re going back to the abandonment discussion that we had the other day, but it’s important to understand that all these things play in together. Something happens and the body’s response system takes in these stimuli and it says it’s dangerous it’s, not dangerous. What do we do with it? The brain decides to fight or flee, and then they go into the survival response with treatment. What we want to do is help people be able to feel that feeling and not have to act on it right away until they can de-escalate some and use a combination of assessing their cognitions and deciding whether their perceptions are based. On the present. The present moment or the past moment so primary invalidation caregivers dismiss emotional reactions as invalid. We just talked about that. The child or person could be mocked or shamed for their emotional response. We have all probably met parents or worked with parents who have children that are highly emotionally reactive, and who tend to get frustrated and overwhelmed by the constant drama that seems to be presented by this child all the time. So the child is often not taught how to self-soothe or de-escalate the parents just like really let it go and go away, which is not helpful because the child doesn’t learn how to deal with it. The child is not taught mindfulness to figure out okay, what’s causing this, and the child is not taught effective cognitive processing in most situations in validating environments, if the child gets upset, even if it seems to be disproportional to whatever the event was, the caregiver Will take the child in and say? Okay, I hear you’re upset right now, let’s talk about it and we’ll walk the child through, maybe not thinking about it, but just being a good parent walks. The child, through this de-escalation process and the cognitive processing of secondary trauma or invalidation, is, and I’m putting this in here. Coping skills can be overwhelmed by trauma or intense stress, leading to this high alert raw status. Think about the people who were survivors of Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Andrew. I come from Florida, so I think hurricanes, but any big event that is ongoing enduring, and distressful at a certain point. You’re on your last nerve, so anything could precipitate sort of a crisis. Many people don’t receive the necessary support during these times and may be shamed for being weak or needy. Sometimes nobody can cope and everybody’s kind of decompensating. At once, which is a lot of what we saw with Katrina but other times there may be people that are functioning just fine and they don’t understand why some other people are 39, t coping just fine, and they see that as abnormal and want to distance themselves from it, it’s important for us to communicate to people because we already noticed that crisis is a normal response to an abnormal event. What was abnormal, though, is it this particular incident? Maybe, or is it the fact that this particular incident kind of was the straw that broke the camel’s back on a whole chain of incidents leading up to it that was abnormal? What caused this person? Excessive stress I was talking to a woman the other day who, in the past six years, has had half a dozen significant losses and I’m just like wow. You know that that’s pretty intense to have all those and she’s, also starting her practice and everything else. Right now – and I’m – just like oh my gosh – I can’t imagine the amount of stress this woman is – going through most humans, aren’t inherently prepared to deal with the crisis alone. We’re kind of group sort of people. We rely on other people, so if we have this reaction and it’s judged to be disproportionate and people kind of distance themselves from us, because they see us as abnormal or dysfunctional, then we lose any social support that might have been able to serve as A buffer which just kind of in turn, feeds back and exacerbates the sense of hopelessness, helplessness, and isolation. What precipitates a crisis may vary between people based on pre, existing stress or mental health issues, and it also may vary with the same person longitudinally across time. What may be overwhelming today – maybe not may not be overwhelming six months from now, because all of those prior stressors that I’m dealing with right now may have had time to kind of work themselves out. So we must help people understand that their reaction is their reaction and let’s just go from there. Let’s not say it’s bad or is disproportionate or it’s whatever it just is so the result of this sort of unpredictable reactivity results in frantic efforts to numb withdraw or protect. I need to numb the feelings because I can’t take this kind of pain. If you’ve ever had a burn that’s had to be cleaned or even an open wound that’s had to be cleaned out. You know that’s pretty excruciating so thinking in terms of that, you can see why people would want to kind of get a little novocaine withdrawal if this support system is invalidating, that has extra pain and that’s excruciating to be rejected. On top of everything else, so a lot of times, people withdraw which eliminates any opportunity for social support, and it also exacerbates this sense of rejection, and they do this to protect themselves. People learn who they are in invalidating environments. They learn who they are and how they are resulting in rejection, so they avoid threats. They avoid putting themselves out there. They avoid making relationships because they’re afraid of rejection and they avoid thoughts and feelings and sensations that may lead to invalidation. I don’t want to feel these things because then if I do and I communicate them, you may tell me I’m wrong. Okay, we’ve laid the groundwork. Now we see where this is a problem. So what do we do about it? Well, the first thing we want to do is look at some of the DBT assumptions about clients. Clients are doing the best they can given the tools they have at this present point in time, and I truly believe that clients want to improve themselves. Wouldn’t be in your office if they didn’t want to improve for one reason or another. It may be an involuntary referral and they want there’s a means to end there. They are in your office because they have hope that something can change and it will benefit them. They cannot fail at DBT if they go through dialectical behavior therapy, the protocol and it fails, then the protocol failed them or we as clinicians, fail to implement it correctly. Now, today, again, we’re talking just about tools that are present in DBT, not how to do dialectical, behavioral therapy. The evidence-based practice wants to make that very clear clients are existing in what is for them an unbearable state. This pain has got to stop. They need to learn new behaviors in all contexts, not just at work, not just in their relationships, but they need to learn how to function and deal with life on life’s terms in all contexts, so they can go to the grocery store they can get In a traffic jam, they can be in a crowded Airport and not feel like the walls are closing in on them. Clients are not responsible for all of their problems. We know this some things they had no control over are causing problems for them, but they are responsible for all of their solutions, and we’re going to talk about the four options for problem-solving in a few minutes, but they are responsible. They choose to do something and clients need to be motivated to change motivation, choosing the more rewarding option out of the available options. Well, yeah that whatever they’re doing right now is the most rewarding option they have available in their toolbox. So we’re going to give them new tools, but then we need to teach them how to make those tools effective. If you just hand me a jigsaw and say, okay go about woodworking and whatever I’m, not a woodworker, but I’m not going to know what to do with that. So I may go back to using my circular saw or whatever the case may be, which may be very clunky. We need to help clients learn how to use these new tools, so it’s more rewarding to use those than those old behaviors. They just numbed out the pain or distracted them assumptions about therapists, clarity, precision, and compassion are of the utmost importance. We need to be clear with our clients about what’s going on. Let’s not speak in generalities. We want to try to avoid some of the Socratic questions that we would normally do. We want to be clear about what we’re getting at and what we want them to look at. We need to be precise. Do we need to not say well what is it last week that caused all the problems in your relationships? Well, if they had four different fights that’s four different things we need to look at, we need to be precise to identify all of the things that trigger and we’re going to talk about behavior chains in a few minutes. So we need to be precise. We also need to be compassionate, even if we don’t agree, or we think that the reaction was disproportionate, putting ourselves in their mind in their place in their raw state. We need to be compassionate and go okay, you survived it, you did the best, you could let’s take a look at what might have caused that. Why you made the choices you did and what you might choose better next time. The therapeutic relationship is between equals, DBT or therapists can fail to achieve the desired outcome, but the client can’t fail and therapists who treat patients with pervasive emotional dysregulation needs support we need to remember that patients who are always in crisis by their very nature, it’s, exhausting because they’re always in crisis, which means we are responding in a crisis manner, not that we need to get all upset and worked up because that’s just modeling the wrong thing. But there is a lot of energy that it takes for us to use the DBT tools for us to model the DBT tools and for us to help work. The client is out of their emotional state into one where they can use their wise mind. So the first step is core mindfulness. Until they figure out what’s going on, they can’t fix it, so we want to help them integrate their rational mind they’re cognitive. This is what happened factual mind with their emotional mind. This is what it felt like in the wise mind, so you can take the facts. You can take your feelings and you can say with what I know and what I felt. What would be the best interpretation of this or the correct one for me? Interpretation of this event at this point, and what can I do about it? One of the things DBT talks about is the fact that truth is sort of subjective. What is true for one person may not be the truth for the other person, because we’ve all had different experiences, but we need to help people not underreact and stay. In that cognitive mind, if you’re a star, trek fan, think data um. He was the AI that was kind of human-robot sort of thing or, and we also don’t – want people to act in their emotional mind, acting solely based on feelings and trying to make feelings facts because feelings aren’t facts. They’re feelings, so we want to help them integrate these two things, and that is more difficult and it sounds like it takes time. Mindfulness is using effective, nonjudgmental observation and description of experiences, those thoughts, and feelings, and identifying what’s the objective evidence for and against what’s going on right here, how I’m feeling what is all the evidence. Let’s look at the big picture, not just one little aspect of it, and what are my feelings about this event? Getting in touch with what’s going on inside their mind and inside their body is going to be one of the first steps. So I talked about those four options: when there’s a problem, you have four options. You can tolerate it, grit your teeth, and Barratt there. Sometimes you just can’t do anything about it. Traffic jams probably can’t do much of anything about it. Change your beliefs about the event. Instead of seeing a traffic jam as a waste of time and just a complete pain in your butt, you can see it is a time to check voicemail and maybe return. Some phone calls are productive, make it billable, and you can solve the problem or change the situation, while you’re in a traffic jam and stopped, of course, looking at Google Maps to figure out where the next exit is so that you can get off. So you can change that situation or you can choose to just stay miserable and choosing to stay miserable is a valid choice. When clients make these decisions, we need to look at them. Why was that? Whatever their option was? Why was that option more rewarding than all the others? Why is it more rewarding sometimes to stay miserable for some people that’s what they know and they’re afraid if they feel happy, then they may get disappointed and end up feeling sadder than they already do now? Some people tolerate the problem because it’s what they know and change is hard and they would rather just tolerate it and deal with it and suck it up than have to muster up the energy to try to change whatever’s going on. So again we want to look and ask them or ask ourselves, maybe because they may not know right away the choice that you made. Why was it more rewarding? Why did you choose that over the other three options, distress, and tolerance we’re going to talk about a lot of acronyms here acronyms are really important in DBT because it helps clients have sort of a drop back and punt. There are some worksheets. There are lots of worksheets online for DBT but the acronyms we’re going to hit here are going to be some of the highlights that are going to be important for you to remember tip temperature. So you’re tipping your physiological balance now temperature. I’m not necessarily advocating for this. You don’t want to do it. If you’ve got a heart condition. You don’t want to suggest it to clients that have a history of child abuse, especially anything that involved drowning. So this one’s a little tricky one of the things I suggest to some of my clients instead of this is holding on to ice cubes. But the suggestion in the book holds your breath. Dunk your face in for as long as you can hold your breath into a sink full of ice water, then come up. Exhale, inhale and dunk, again repeat as many times as you need until you feel calmer. Well, guess what we’ve talked about combat breathing. If you are slowing your breathing, which you do, if you’re holding your breath, your heart rate is naturally going to slow. When your heart rate slows down your brain says: oh the threats going away, yippee yay, I can call off the dogs. There are other ways to slow down your breathing. Besides necessarily dunking your dunking, your head holding ice cubes is one of the reasons that that can be helpful. Instead of cutting the person’s focus, it’s a distracting technique. The person focuses on the pain because it is painful to hold on to ice cubes for a long time, instead of cutting themselves, but it also gives their body something to focus on to go. Oh, my heart rate is up because there’s a pain when the pain goes away. I can make my heart rate go down, so we’re redirecting the brain to go. Oh, this is why the heart rates are up it’s, not because there’s emotional distress, it’s because of extreme physical pain. Intense exercise increases body temperature, but it also increases the heart rate when you’re sitting still and your heart rate is 120 beats a minute because you are in a panic attack or a state of panic. It’s very, very uncomfortable and your mind is going. I don’t understand you, ‘re not moving. Why is the heart racing when you start exercising, which is why walking and getting those big muscles moving often helps? Then the body gets less confused. It’s, like Oh heart rates, beating fast, because the body is moving score, got it so when the person stops moving, the heart rate starts to go down, and this is true, even if you’re walking around. If you take a client out to walk when they’re upset – and you are talking about whatever the distressing thing is – I have found without exception.
When they come back inside, they can start to calm down a little bit more and their heart rate naturally starts to go down when they stop their physical exercise and then progressive relaxation. You’re going to move from head to toe or toe to head. Whatever you prefer but head to toes, usually how we do it focusing on muscles focusing on breathing slowing, breathing relaxing muscles forcing the body to relax. So this addresses physiological arousal, so the temperature, intense exercise, and progressive relaxation. All of these serve as an ability serve the function of distracting the person from whatever cognitively or inter psychically wants to say, is going on, and all of these either explain to the brain why the heart rate is going so fast or Help reduce the heart rate, so you know there’s something to be said for them. The important thing is for you to brainstorm with your clients when you get physiologically aroused when you get upset, and you are just your hands – are shaking your palms are sweating. You’re breathing fast, and your heart rate going fast. How do you calm yourself down what works for you and we’re back to bruit again? Another acronym is accepted to distract when there’s emotional turmoil, so you can kind of let that adrenaline surge go because you have that initial fight or flight reaction and then the body kind of goes. Alright, let’s reassess and see if there’s still a threat, get involved in activities that will help you distract yourself from whatever’s going on when kids get upset. You know if they’re getting stressed out because they’re sitting in the lobby and the doctor’s office, and they know they’re going to get a chhoti. We give them something to do. We read a book, we talk we play because then they’re not focusing on the fact that they’re going to get a shot, contributing to the welfare of others. Do something nice for someone to volunteer. Do something productive that gets. If you are focused on someone else, compare yourself to others who are doing less well, that doesn’t work for everybody. You can also compare yourself in the present to your old self and focus on how much better you’re doing now compared to what you were doing six months ago, this doesn’t always work. You know these are options. Not everyone is going to work for every person, emotions do the opposite. If you’re feeling really sad get a comedian, get it to go to YouTube, and Google a comedian and watch a skit or two or ten, so you’re doing something that makes you laugh. That makes you happy to sing. Silly songs, dude silly dances go out and there’s very little. I find it more amusing than just listening to a baby laugh. If I’m having a really bad day, I will find those stupid videos of babies laughing at paper tearing if you can’t help, but laugh with them pushing away build an imaginary wall between yourself in the situation. Imagine yourself pushing away the situation with all your might or blocking the situation in your mind, and each time it comes up, tell yourself to tell it to go away. So if you start thinking about something that is particularly hurtful as soon as it comes into your mind and it comes into your awareness go no, I am NOT going to think about that right now. Thoughts counting some people count to ten, a hundred whatever it takes to get through that initial rush. Some people sing for me. I think I’ve shared before I have this irrational fear of bridges, but so, whenever I Drive over a bridge I sing, and usually, it’s, not songs on the radio. Usually, it’s songs. I used to sing to my kids. I’ll sing the ABCs something that doesn’t require a whole lot of cognitive interaction because I’m doing pretty good just to get over the bridge. And yes, I know I should be over it, but I’m not and that’s just the way it is the 10 game. I like this one think of 10 things that you like the smell of think of 10 green things. Think of 10 things you see where we’re going with this, and you can incorporate all the different senses with it. If you go through multiple iterations of it 10 things that you smelled yesterday, 10 things that you see right now, 10 things that you hear when you’re on your way to work. This helps people focus on something other than what’s going on. Here the 5 4 3 2 1 game is sort of similar to the 10 things game, identify 5 things. You see, 4 things you smell, 3, things that you can touch and follow down. Sensations like I talked about on the last slide. Sensations can help distract you from what’s going on until you have a chance to kind of get through that initial adrenaline rush, cold, holding ice, cubes, rubber band – and I don’t like this one. But some people do they put a rubber band on their arm and every time they start to perseverate on a negative thought. They snap its smells and find some good smells. Some smells bring back good memories, smells that you like. Maybe it’s roses: maybe it’s a purse-specific perfume. Maybe you just go to Walmart and start smelling all the air fresheners. Whatever makes you happy, I do suggest avoiding taste, because if you start using taste as distress tolerance, then you start moving toward emotional eating. I’ve seen it happen, so I would avoid that for most people, but if they just desperately want to go there, then you know we’re going to go there because they are choosing how to distract from their cognitive or intrapsychic. Sensations improve at the moment. Imagery goes to your happy place. Whatever your happy place is meaning find an alternate, meaning for what’s going on now. This can be Linehan refers to it as making lemonade. We all know how to do that. We don’t we’re, not necessarily the best at it, but try to make lemons. I try to look for the optimistic meaning in whatever it is prayer. Now, even if someone is not religious, they can be using radical acceptance. Accepting it is what it is and not trying to change it, just putting it out there for the universe, relaxation is always good to relax one thing at a time and this isn’t focusing on one problem at a time. This is focusing on something we’re talking about distress, tolerance, and improving the moment so focus on one thing, like your breathing: get your breath and calm down once your breathing calmed down. If you need to focus on something else, then move to. Maybe the tension in your neck. Maybe you need to lower your shoulders and release the tension in your neck, focusing on physiological things and focusing on other senses. Besides, that abstract stuff that’s in your head and your emotions can help people tolerate the distress until they can think more clearly vacation takes a timeout. Sometimes you just need to get away from it. For a few minutes, we’ve had time at work. I’m sure we all have where you’ve just been like. You know what I’m done and you lock your computer screen. You get up, you walk out of the building, and none of its clients are in there, but you walk out of the building and do a couple of laps around the campus and then you’re like okay. I can deal with this again just clear your head before you try to tackle whatever it is, an encouragement providing yourself, because you can’t necessarily rely on anyone else. Positive and calming self-talk now back to those stupid, memes and videos that I love to death there’s, one has a kitten on a laundry wire and it says: hang in there, I love having those things on screensavers. It’s, juvenile, maybe but whatever it makes me happy, and it reminds me you know even when I’m, not in a state of emotional distress. It reminds me all right keep on hanging in there. You got it and it’s got an all-factor too. So I always like anything with an all factor: the goals of emotional regulation. So once you’ve tolerated this distress, you’ve gotten through that initial surge. That initial, I cannot take this pain or upset. Then we need to move into emotional regulation, help people identify labels, understand their emotions and the functions of those emotions, decrease unwanted emotional responses and decrease emotional vulnerabilities. So what they’re going to do is identify and label emotions and their functions. I’m scared. Okay, you 39. Re scared. Tell me why what’s the function of you being scared? What do you want to do, and what do you think is causing this scared? 39. No self-awareness through questioning, like that through talking it out, people will start to understand where their emotional reactions are coming from and they can choose whether or not to follow up with it a behavior. What I guess I didn’t put in a behavior train analysis is the way you can go about helping people work through that and that’s a couple more slides cop. We want to police our thoughts and check the facts. Look at doing opposite actions. If you want to hurt yourself, look at being kind to yourself, if you want to run, maybe you need to look at staying and then look at the problem. Solving reduced vulnerability through the ABC p accumulate. The positives, remember, vulnerabilities, are those situations that happen leading up to whatever the distress is. Those are the things that make you more likely to be irritable, overwhelmed angrily depressed get sad about anything. Instead of not so, we want to eliminate those vulnerabilities or reduce them. As much as possible, so we’re going to accumulate positive gratitude, journals pictures if well, everybody has things in their life that they care about. Have those on your phone in you know little picture galleries that have them as your screen. Savers have reminders around about it. Why you get up in the morning builds mastery, so you have mastery of the skills you need to deal with emotional distress and upset cope ahead of time plan for distressing situations. If you’re getting ready to go in for an annual evaluation and those things stress you out to no end rehearse, it ahead of time plan on coping ahead of time, and figure out how you’re going to react. If it goes bad figure out how you’re going to react, if it goes good figure out how you’re going to cope and physical vulnerability prevention, maintain your health, chronic pain, chemical, chemical imbalances, hormonal imbalances, those can all cause vulnerabilities or set you up. Make you predisposed to feeling like something’s at eight when it’s only two get plenty of sleep when we’re sleep deprived, is a whole lot harder to deal with life on life 39. S terms and exercise. Exercise is a great way of releasing or using up some of that stress energy that you release during the day. Behavior chain analysis. The first thing you do and a strict behaviorist will have slightly different explanations for how to do this, but just bear with me here: name the behavior reaction. What happened now, if you’re thinking back to the ABCs, this is going to be your C. Your consequence, what happened identifying the prompting event ABC is, that would be the what was the activating event now. This is where it differs a little bit. Then we want to look at the behavioral links, so you had the activating event, and then there was this reaction and in between, there were um automatic beliefs, and we have that there. We have thoughts, but there were also sensations events, and feelings between what happened and your reaction. What sensations did you feel? Did you get flushed? Did you feel nervous? Did you feel scared? Did you feel sad? Did you have a twinge of something? What feelings were there and what events happened? Did you act out in a certain way? Did you scream? Did you yell about what happened? Because these are all things that are going to go into what ultimately ended up being the behavioral reaction, then I want to look at the short-term positive and negative effects of what you did. The behavior of the reaction. If you started screaming and throwing things okay, you did what was the short-term positive effect of that? What was the benefit of that? Because that was what you chose, which means it was likely the most beneficial response you could come up with in your highly emotionally charged mind then. So what were the benefits and what? With immediate short-term negatives and then looking at the positive and negative long-term effects in the long term, if you react to this upset by screaming and throwing things what’s the impact going to be, are there any positive impacts? Are there any potential positive effects of this and a lot of times it’s? No, but we want to ask the question just in case there are because some people will have a positive and we need to address that this is sort of. If you go back to motivational interviewing what we think about when we’re talking about decisional balance, exercises address the problematic links with skills. If some sensations or actions exacerbated the distress, then we need to look at distress and tolerance. If all of a sudden you had this immediate panic reaction and you couldn’t breathe, we need to work on distress, and tolerance skills, so you don’t go to that point where you are just for lack of a better phrase in a tizzy thoughts and Feelings if your thoughts get negative and start racing and your feelings are negative and anxious and worried and all those negative words we want to look at emotional regulation. You know if you can get through it, where you get through that initial rush and you’re still having these getting stuck in the negativity. Then we want to look at emotional regulation most of the time we’re going to look at both of them and then the third component, once we’ve learned how to get through the initial flood, the initial all-hands-on-deck call, and then people Have learned to regulate their emotions and identify helpful responses, and instead of talking about good and bad, we want to talk about helpful and less helpful responses. Then we need to look at interpersonal effectiveness and how to interact with other people to make that validating environment exist. So we want to start with interpersonal and intrapersonal if you will be effective with yourself and then move to others describe what’s going on assess how you’re feeling what your reactions are, and what the best next step is asserting. Your choice reinforces the good things. Be mindful appear confident and willing to negotiate, and yes sometimes we have to negotiate with ourselves because there’s something that we want to do right now – and this is very true – with people with addictions a lot of times – they want to use. They know the long-term consequences of use are not where they want to be, so they have to negotiate with themselves to say alright. I want to do this right now, but I’m going to choose a different option in their relationship with others. We want to encourage them to give me gently instead of critically, and harshly, which a lot of times is what they’ve gotten all of their life, being gentle with other people, accepting them where they are modeling how they want to be treated, be interested in What other people have to offer, what other people have to say and what’s going on with them? A lot of people with emotional dysregulation can’t handle their own life on life’s terms. They can’t even begin to handle anybody else.’s stuff, so a lot of times they appear disinterested, validate other people and their experiences, and have an easy manner. You know sometimes we get too intense and if everything in your world is either a zero or a ten, it’s easy to be intense. About everything, as they develop emotional regulation, things will be different. You know they’ll have fours and fives in there, but practicing that not being intense and over the top about everything, and then in their relationship with the self, be fast, be fair with themselves, not judgmental just fair, avoid apologies, stick to values and be truthful. 12-step recovery step, one starts with honesty, being honest with yourself step two. We start talking about hope and faith, which is sticking with values and being fair to oneself. Being compassionate comes couple more steps down that’s not hard or not harmful. For any of our clients to teach them to be fair, to be kind to themselves, and to be honest with themselves and others. So how does treatment progress when we’re talking about dialectical, behavior therapy as an evidence-based practice stage? One is safety. We want people to move from behavioral disk control to behavioral control. We don’t want people getting a phone call, maybe a significant other has to back out on a weekend trip which was someone with behavioral disk control could send them into a state where they are self-injuring. So we want to make sure that they have the skills to not self-harm, and you know you can’t just say. Well, you can’t cut the person’s like okay, so finish, what am I going to do? Instead? If I can’t cut, if I knew how to do something else, I’d be doing it right now. We need to help them increase their self-care behaviors instead of cutting. What can you do, I’ve talked before about some of the interventions I’ve used with some of my clients that have self-harmed. It’s not ideal. It’s not where you want to end up, but moving from self-harm, too, like I said, holding ice cubes or using a ballpoint pen to draw on yourself is preferable to cutting yourself. So we want to look at small steps, not going from. You know five or six self-harm episodes a week to nothing. You’re setting yourself and your client up for failure. We want to reduce the intensity of the self-harm, so they’re not breaking the skin, so they’re not damaging themselves decrease therapy interfering behaviors what we typically call resistance and that can be showing up late that can be always coming in and trying to derail therapy sessions, it can be being bossy, it can be being reserved whatever it is that’s interfering with the therapeutic process. It’s important to understand that therapy-interfering behaviors can be exhibited on the part of the counselor too. If the client is experiencing a lot of emotional discount role, sometimes counselors will start being late to sessions and will start forgetting to review the chart before they go in and remember what homework was assigned will start forgetting to do things. So we need to make sure that both the counselor and the client are engaging in motivating therapy participatory behaviors. We want to increase the quality of life, and behaviors and decrease the quality of life-interfering behaviors. So if they’re engaging in addictions, if they’re, not sleeping if they’re, changed smoking if they are and again these are things when we look at the priority list, my main focus at first is going to be on self-harm. You know I don’t want them to be engaging in those behaviors, and then we’re going to start looking at the other things that create vulnerabilities that make them more likely to be unhappy or to be reactive in situations that would make them unhappy. We’re going to increase behavioral skills, core mindfulness, and accurate awareness, encouraging clients, not just when they’re upset, but to engage in mindfulness scans body scans, four or five times a day. So they know where they are and they know if they are starting to feel vulnerable. If they’re, it feeling exhausted all of a sudden. If they’re feeling foggy, then they know to be kind to themselves: distress, and tolerance. We talked about those skills, interpersonal effectiveness talked about those skills, emotional regulation, and active problem-solving. So these are all going to be introduced in stage one, but they’re introduced. The client has been using their old behaviors for a lot longer than stage 1 is ever going to last. So we need to remember that we have to help clients strengthen these behaviors, remember to use them if they use them at first, one out of every five times as one more time than they were using them. Last week let’s focus on the positive forward movement and not on what we think they should have done. We don’t want to set goals that are going to set them up for failure in stage two. We want to help clients, moderate emotions from excruciating and uncontrollable to modulated and emotional um. We want to feel feelings. Well, I mean, theoretically, we do so. We don’t want people to completely numb out and become robots, but we also don’t want every single emotional experience to be like debriding. For a third-degree wound, we want something in between. We need to help them decrease intrusive symptoms, like flashbacks memories, and hecklers, the things that created the situation where they feel unlovable and unacceptable for who they are. We want to decrease avoidance of emotions, and I know that sounds kind of counterintuitive to increasing emotional awareness. Again, we don’t want them to be numb. We want them to feel because if they feel, then they can choose how to act and how to react. Decreased withdrawal increases exposure to live a lot of times, clients with emotional dysregulation have withdrawn because they don’t want to be rejected so they don’t go out with friends. They don’t experience life on life’s terms. They just sit in front of the television watching Netflix. We want to decrease self-invalidation and help them understand that their experiences are their experiences and they’re not right or wrong. Their choices may be helpful or less helpful, but at any point in time that is their best as well as they can see their best options for survival. So let’s not be critical. I’m just happy you’re still here and we want to reduce mood dependency of behaviors part of this process. We’re going to teach people how to create SMART goals that are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-limited SMART goals and make sure they’re successful by validating and teaching them to self-validate, encouraging them to imagine the possibilities when you’re successful When you accomplish this goal, what’s going to be different? How awesome will it be to encourage them to take small steps, not all or nothing? You know we want to get get rid of the dichotomy’s small steps towards recovery and applaud themselves for even trying to encourage them to lighten their load and get rid of stuff that they don’t need to be stressing over right now. You know maybe now’s not the time to start remodeling the house and then sweeten the pot and encourage clients to provide themselves with rewards for the successful completion of a goal, maybe getting through an entire week or for some clients even an entire day without self-injury. I encourage you to practice these skills yourself because you’ll see how much we don’t do and how helpful these skills can be, but it also gives you more insight into two ways to help explain thanks to clients and help them apply. These tools to themselves think about which skills you’ve used that were helpful or skills you could have used. That would have been helpful in the past week for you because you’re going to ask the clients to do this. So let’s do it for ourselves, so we can put ourselves in their position and think about which skills might have been helpful for a client that you’ve worked with in the past week. Many disorders involve some amount of emotional dysregulation. That dysregulation can be caused by high sensitivity and reactivity due to innate characteristics and poor environmental fit or external traumas and lack of support, or both DBT seeks, first to help the person replace self-defeating behaviors with self-care behaviors, and then moves toward emotional regulation and Interpersonal effectiveness to help people develop the support system and learn how to feel feelings, including the good ones. A variety of tools are imparted to clients to help them set SMART goals, identify and understand, emotions and their functions, decrease, unwanted, emotional and behavioral responses, and develop a more effective, compassionate, and supportive relationship with themselves and others. Finally, remember that not every tool is going to work for every person it takes some experimentation, so prepare your clients for that. Otherwise, if they try something and it doesn’t work, they’re going to feel rejected and validated and like failures. Again, it’s a process to work together to help them figure out how they can start interfacing with life and integrate the two dichotomies of thought and emotion to make wise choices to help them live happier and healthier. .
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If it was your best friend’s experience your best friend came to you and said I
just got into such-and-such college would you say awesome or would you say
anybody can get in there how would that go ask them what is scary about
accepting these positive things that you might have had an
accomplishment for some people it means that it might mean other people expect
more of them for other people they just don’t know how to accept the positive
They don’t know how to accept compliments they don’t know how to be
the center of attention and they don’t like it and then we want to look at why
that is sometimes we disqualify the positive because it fails to meet
someone else’s standards so as people might that be true here you know I know
When I was growing up and going through college and going through school and
everything got my doctorate but I will always not being not
a real doctor because a Ph.D. is not an MD and I’m like really
So is it somebody else’s standards or can I feel good about having a Ph.D. egocentrism My perspective is the only
perspective I’ll being egocentric but it doesn’t work
most of the time so encouraging people to take alternate perspectives
Maybe you’re texting with someone and they say something that is not what you
interpret as not the nicest thing and this happens in text messages a lot and
they get upset now an egocentric thinking error would say that purse is
just grumpy today Someone who’s taking other perspectives would stop and go
back and read the text and go I wonder if maybe this could have been taken some
other another you know obvious reaction is not what I intended
So egocentrism if you hold on to that I don’t understand anybody else because
You know I don’t see a problem with anything personalizing and mind-reading This is when you assume that everybody’s
frowning because of something you did your boss walks down the hallway
and looks at you and grimaces and continues to walk on oh I must have done
something wrong No maybe he just got out of his senior management meeting that
was five hours long and he’s got to go to the bathroom you know there could be
a hundred different explanations for why that happened so encourage clients to
ask themselves what some alternate explanations for this event that are
doesn’t involve me you know why this might have happened if they hold
on to that, I must have done something wrong but as soon as their boss calls
them up and goes hey can you come to my office for a second you know where their
thoughts are going to go I’m getting fired I’m going to get laid off I don’t
know what it was that I did wrong but he walked by me two weeks ago in the
hallway and grimaced and I’m just I’m the worst person in the whole world
But where did that come from so encouraging people to not necessarily
assume they know what’s going on in someone else’s mind and not
automatically attributing every person’s negative behavior to something they did
How often and then ask them how often has it been about you
now think about the last 10 times you’ve taken something personally how many of
Those 10 times has it been about something you did versus something with
the other person then the availability heuristic remembering what’s most
prominent in your mind so asking clients what the facts ah the most obvious
One that we talk about is plane crashes You know it is very dangerous to fly on a
plane because you hear about all those plane crashes well yeah you hear about
the airlines crashes but don’t hear about the 20,000 every day that land
safely so you remember it and it seems more dangerous because that’s what is in
your mind that’s what is available to you that’s what you’ve based your
thought processes on because maybe you didn’t know that 20,000 planes or more
fly and land just perfectly every day this can also be true with people
remembering what’s most prominent in your mind sometimes and this can be very
very true in domestically violent relationships if somebody falls in love
with someone and that person is just the greatest person since sliced bread for
the first four months and then the cycle starts and there’s this little tiny
a sliver of the honeymoon period after the battering cycle and the person’s like
That’s the person I fell in love with that’s what I remember and they try to
focus on that that’s most prominent in their mind and they ignore the rest of
the stuff so we need to encourage people to look objectively at the facts magnifying high and
low probability outcomes what are the chances that this is going to happen how
Many clients have worked with have gone to the doctor and gotten into a
physical or get a test run and then the doctor had to call them back and
This could be true for you too and the doctor had to call them back two or
Three days later when the tests came back from the lab and that whole three
days they were just in a panic because they
were afraid they were going to get some terminal diagnosis so thinking about
high and low probability outcomes another instance or example of
magnification is somebody that thinks this is the end of the world whatever it
I think I’ve told you before my little story about um tripping when I
was walking down the hall at work and falling and yeah it was embarrassing my
folders went everywhere and yeah but in that big scheme of things will it matter
That much from now you know are people going to think Oh she is such a clutch she
must be a ditz too no I mean they may have thought that at that time I don’t
know but you know in six months nobody’s going to remember and then ask them in
the past when something like this has happened when you’ve had to get a test
done and you’ve had to wait on results or if you’ve done something that was
embarrassing and you didn’t think you thought everybody was going to remember
it forever how did you tolerate it how did you learn to deal with it building
on those strengths that they already have all-or-nothing thinking errors
These are things like love versus hate I love them or I hate them it’s all or
Nothing she does this all the time or she never does it if I’m going to do it
I’m going to do it perfectly or I’m not going to do it at all thank you all good
intentions or all bad intentions you know sometimes we do things with good
intentions that have some bad repercussions so did we do it with all
Bad intentions are all good intentions and the answer is neither most of the
time life is kind of in that middle-ground gray area encouraging clients to
Look and find examples where something hasn’t been one of the polls when have
they done something that they’re proud of that wasn’t perfect or when again
When has somebody else done something that they were proud of that wasn’t
perfect remembering that with availability
heuristic remembering how often something happens and how long it’s
been since you’ve seen that behavior and remember that sometimes good times are
amazing but how frequent are they compared with the bad times another thinking error is a belief in a
just world or a fallacy of fairness I just asked clients to identify for good
people you know who’ve had bad things happen and in in reality we all have bad
things happen good people do bad people do in between people do attributional
errors and this is a pet of mine you know labeling yourself is not a behavior so
global versus specific and I am stupid versus I’m stupid at math I don’t have
good math skills it’s not about me it’s about the skills I can change skills
stable I am and I always will be versus it’s something I can change it’s
something I can learn internally It’s about me as a person versus it’s about a
skill deficit or something I could learn or change and there’s you know lots of
information on attributions out there on the internet if you need a refresher on
it but we find that a lot of people who have dysphoria have negative global
stable internal attributions so questions for clients remember the
beliefs equal thoughts and facts plus personal interpretation another way of
saying it is reality is 10% perception is 10% reality and 90% interpretation so
what are the facts for and against my belief is the belief based on facts or
Feelings Does the belief focus on one aspect or the whole situation Does the
belief seem to use any thinking errors what are alternate explanations what
Would you tell your child or best friend if they had this belief how would you
want someone to tell what would you want someone to tell you about this belief so
If you’re telling somebody about this what are you hoping they’re going to say
in return and finally, how is this belief moving you toward what and who is
important to you or moving you away from what or who is important to you now they
can do a worksheet and have all of these or you can pick one or two of these
questions that are most salient for your clients but they can have kind of at
their fingertips so as they’re going through the day and something happens
They can ask themselves ok what’s an alternate explanation Or you know
Whatever it is this salient for that client’s irrational thoughts how do these
thoughts impact the client’s emotions health relationships and perceptions of
the world you know this is what we want to ask them How is this thought
impacting you globally how may this thought have been helpful in the past
Where did it come from How does it make sense from when you formed it in the
past when you’re dealing with it ask the person if the thought is bringing you
closer to those that are important Are there any examples of this thought or
belief not being true and how can the statement be made less global less
all-encompassing so it’s about a specific incident a specific situation
less stable which means you can change it and less internal which means it’s
not about who you are as a person but maybe something that you do or a skill
that you have so we’re going to go through some of these thoughts real
Quickly here mistakes are never acceptable and if I make one it means
that I’m incompetent well never is kind of stable and I am incompetent is kind
of global, that’s also that extreme all-or-nothing thinking so you can see
where these cognitive distortions end up leading to unhelpful beliefs
When somebody disagrees with me it’s a personal attack Well there’s
Personalization If I ever heard it before maybe it’s not about you may be
They’re having a bad day and you just happen to be the unlucky target or maybe
they’re disagreeing with you because they have a different point of view and
It’s not a personal attack it’s just their point of view If someone
criticizes or rejects me there must be something wrong with me
personalization all-or-nothing thinking global stable and internal something
wrong with me as a person to feel good about myself others must approve of me
Now this is one we’ve talked about external validation before and we can’t
control other people to feel good about yourself how can you do that
Besides necessarily requiring other people to approve of you to be
content in life I must be liked by all people Wow I’ve never met anybody who’s
liked by all people I’ve never even met anybody who’s been hated by all people
but it’s important to help clients see how this is dramatic to say all
people and for them to be content everybody has to like them
I mean I like to be liked but if everybody doesn’t like me you know
That’s pretty understandable My true value as an individual depends on what
others think of me I would challenge this one this is all you know
Also very personally I would challenge people to look at and say it
so your child’s value as an individual depends on what other people think of
Most people would say no but the perspective thing nothing ever turns
out the way you want it to okay all-or-nothing thinking and probably
availability heuristic if something bad just happened then they may be focusing
on that which causes them to focus on all the other bad things in the past
that have happened not to focus on that is okay you know bad thing
happen but look at all these good things I won’t try anything new unless I will
be good at it this fear of failure fear of rejection
It just really paralyzes a lot of people when they get stuck with that thinking
the area that they have to be perfect I am in total control of anything bad that
happens is my fault well that’s egocentric and personal if
They think they’re in total control that’s their perception of how the world
Do they think if they’ve got everybody on marionette strings anything
bad in the world that happens is their fault how powerful are they
I feel happy about uh if I feel happy about life something will go wrong
It happens sometimes but let’s look at times when you’ve been happy that
something hasn’t gone wrong you know let’s get rid of that all-or-nothing
thinking it’s not my fault my life didn’t go the way I wanted could be true
but it seems like that’s making you unhappy so what do we do about that if
I’m not in an intimate relationship I’m alone
No, again that’s pretty extreme I’m either in an intimate relationship or I
am alone and a loner and you know it’s just me and my 17 cats which follows
with there’s no gray area so encouraging people to look at what these
beliefs are saying important thoughts impact behaviors and emotional and
Physical reactions emotional and physical reactions impact thoughts and
interpretations of events so if you do something and it’s pleasurable
and you have a great physical reaction you know let’s take bungee jumping or
Skydiving if you go out there and it’s scary but you do it and you’re just like
Whoa what a rush Your interpretation of that is probably going to be good which
means you’ll probably do it again if you go out there and it’s just the most
horrible experience you’ve ever had you’re probably not going to do it again
and your interpretation of it is going to be not good which is going to make it
hard to understand why other people would do it irrational
thinking patterns are often caused by cognitive distortions so let’s just look
back at some of those because there are a lot fewer cognitive distortions or
general ways of thinking about the world then there are thinking errors because
There are lots and lots of thinking errors Cognitive distortions are often schemas
which were formed based on faulty inaccurate or immature knowledge or
understanding and by identifying the thoughts of the hecklers you know the
automatic tapes that maintain our unhappiness the person can choose
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So you know focus on what the person has to say and what their heart has to say to engage, and you know likewise, you may not be written off the pages of Vogue either, but try to present yourself well, try to you know, dress appropriately Don’t show up all disheveled and smelly clothes like looking like you haven’t bathed in a week that that’s not helpful so make sure that you’re presenting your best face and you’re dealing with whatever face the client brings And still trying to build that engagement remember the way a client presents. This tells us a lot about what’s contributing to their presenting issues: poor social skills, and ADHD pain. You know there are a variety of things that can contribute to depression, anxiety, and substance use. So try to look at it from that way, even if it’s not your ideal client understand what’s causing this person to be negative and just argumentative and frustrating try to get under there and figure it out. Why is this person so unhappy? What’s motivating is that first impressions impact engagement, so your professional presentation is promptly courteous and smooth handling paperwork. If you walk in there with 15 sheets of paper – and you’re shuffling them around and it seems like you, don’t know what you’re doing. You’re like just a second. I know I had that form around here somewhere, they’re not going to feel very confident in anything. You have to say so and put on a good first impression. Put it together and make sure your paperwork is put together ahead of time. If you have an electronic medical record, make sure you know how to use it because it’s disturbing to people, even though it happens when you’re, using an electronic medical health record to do a screening and you get stuck and you’ve got To call somebody else in to help you figure out how to get on the next screen make sure the environment is calm, clean and comfortable, not too formal or informal like we talked about it, avoids interruptions and provides the appropriate level of privacy. You don’t want clients sitting in the waiting room being able to hear other clients that are in the therapy, rooms or screening rooms. If you’re doing screenings, you may not even be in an office, you may be out at a festival or something so make sure that you’ve got. You know little pull-around screens or something, if appropriate, to give people privacy other people, shouldn’t be hearing their responses to what you are asking them, even if it’s, you know like I said, even if it’s at a Workplace festival or something other people should not hear their answers. So how can you give them privacy if there’s, no way to do that where they can have auditory privacy put as much as possible on check sheets and forms that they can fill out? And then you can point to something and go so help me understand your answer to this right here. Most of the time you want to try to do a screening in a private room. In the initial interview you’re, developing trust and rapport so be empathetic. They’re nervous, probably or they don’t want to be there or maybe they do want to be there and they’re, just hoping that you can help paraphrase that to them whatever vibe you’re getting off of them, paraphrase that and work With it convey warmth and respect and explores the clients, strengths, and skills, you know you’ve been dealing with this depression or this addiction for a long time. I’m wondering how you’ve survived until now. What has helped you deal with it? And keep on keeping on facilitating the clients, understanding the rationale, purpose, and procedures of the screening and assessment exploring the clients, problems, and expectations regarding treatment and recovery, and determining whether a further assessment is needed. That’s your screening. So the definition of screening is the process by which the counselor, client, and significant others, when possible, review the current situation, symptoms, and collateral information to determine the probability of a problem. So we’re going to sit down and we’re going to go okay. What brings you here today? What makes you think you got a problem, you know, and then we’re going to start asking questions or using instruments to try to determine whether we think that there’s a probability that that problem exists screaming is used by all types of Human Service Personnel to determine eligibility and appropriateness of services and needed referrals, so it may be used by a physician by a nurse by a counselor by a caseworker to determine how can we best help this person achieve their goals and their maximum quality of life? It’s not unusual for caseworkers at the Department of Children and Families. If people are coming in to get their food stamps or EBT that month, or they’re enrolling in the process to do a screening to determine how can we best help this person? You know be able to start earning more money, you know, maybe they just need a better job, or maybe they’re not able to maintain employment because their depression is so oppressive. So you can see where screening may be used in a lot of different systems and situations to help people figure out how to help their customers. Screening determines the immediacy of the need. You know you could be doing a screening with somebody who’s like on the fence, or they don’t think they’ve got a problem and it you know there or their problem is minor, so the immediacy may not be great or you could Be screening somebody who is you know heavily intoxicated was just kicked out of his house is facing three DUIs. You know they have a much more immediate need for their safety as well as, hopefully, they’re. More motivated screening needs to be a trance process. We don’t want to sit there with a clipboard and be asking questions and scribbling things down and going uh huh. Well, I think you need to go for an assessment that’s not transparent. The clients like, where did you come up with that I usually use screening instruments, and I talk with people when I’m writing things down. I tell them at the end. If you want to see anything I wrote down, I would encourage you to know I don’t write well, and I’ve got poor penmanship, but I encourage you to read what I wrote and we’re going to talk about these instruments after you Take them so you know you know why were we asking these particular questions? What does it mean to me as a therapist doing your screening, so they understand how you’re arriving at your conclusions? Screening does require informed consent. You know it. Doesn’t have to be a big thing, but it does have to happen before you start screening somebody you need to go. You know I’d like to screen you for depression or anxiety, or this is a wellness screening that your agency is offered, but have them ideally have them sign a sheet acknowledging that they know that they’re being screened for whatever and screening identifies Early warning signs and helps provide early intervention, services and resources, so you know think about high blood pressure or diabetes or any of those physical things doctor screens for that regularly, and if they see that there might be a problem creeping in, they can do something right. Then, to keep it from becoming a full-blown problem. Mental health screening is the same. We notice people are under a lot of stress. We know that that’s probably going to wear them out after a while, and it might lead to depression. So we can start helping them, develop stress management skills, for example. They may not need to go to treatment, maybe they need to go to psychoeducation and learn about stress management, or maybe you’ve got a book. You can let them read or something. But screening is a method of determining what the person needs. Screening is the first opportunity to engage the client in the therapeutic relationship and treatment process, sometimes based on observations or other circumstances. People may be referred directly for assessment, for example, if people come into the detoxification unit we kind of bypass screening. We know there’s a problem and jump straight into assessment, so screening doesn’t always happen, but a lot of times. It does because of that referral source – you know if you’re an Assessor that person came from somewhere. You know their lawyer could have screened them. Their doctor could have screened them whatever, but somebody along the way, probably screen them to determine yeah. You probably need to go over to this facility and talk to an Assessor of the clients. Internal motivation is the primary reason for engaging in treatment. So if they’re there because their wife told them they had to be or their boss or the courts that got them there, but to get them actually engaged in treatment and not just going through the motions they have to have internal motivation. There has to be something in it for them, and that’s, what we want to work on developing throughout the whole process, help them see how this benefits them, what’s in it for them, how can it help them accomplish and get closer to their goals for their life, internal motivation may be fleeting, so rapid engagement is vital. If you see a spark of interest or a spark of willingness, we kind of need to pounce on that spark and go alright. It seems like you know you want to get on with this because you’re sick and tired of being sick and tired. So let’s get you enrolled. Now, if you have to make an appointment for an assessment that’s six weeks out, you may lose the person. You know that engagement doesn’t last for long. The engagement lasts while they’re in your office, and then you know you got to have somebody else, pick it up and keep that momentum going. Screening should be brief. You know twenty-thirty minutes you don’t want to have somebody in there for three hours, that’s the assessment conducted in a variety of settings by a range of professionals on persons deemed to be at risk. Some things we do Universal screenings for like domestic violence, other things you may do selected screenings for – and it also depends on your setting and all that kind of thing. But the take-home point is that screenings are conducted in a variety of settings, whether it be a Health Fair at an employer,’s, a doctor,’s office, sometimes churches will even set up wellness days and do screenings screening represents the first part of a Collaboration among the multidisciplinary team because the screener is going to say, okay, I think I’ve identified that this person probably has an issue with this and needs to be referred to assessment over here, but they also need help with housing and food and affording their Prescriptions, so the screener will kind of link them to other team members in the multidisciplinary team. Screening needs to be sensitive to racial, cultural, socio, economic, and gender-related concerns, so make sure that you’re, culturally responsive and it needs to be developed from information gathered from multiple sources when possible. When you’re doing a screening a lot of times, the only person you’ve got to do. The screening is the person sitting right in front of you, but if you’ve got other information. When I do screenings on people in the criminal justice system, I want to see their criminal records. You know that gives me some objective. Information on you know how many times have they been caught? Dui, whether or not they’ve been convicted? How many times have they been caught DUI, that gives me a little bit more information than just what that person is telling me if they’ve been involved with the Department of Children and Families. I want them to bring their case report, especially if they’ve got an open case going on. Screening assesses signs and symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal. Three key elements: we want to verify that the behavior deviates from the norm and rule out all non-drug related causes. So if somebody is having difficulty focusing or they’re agitated, we want to rule out ADHD and schizophrenia and some other things that might cause that, to rule in, if you will stimulant abuse, for example, you want to verify that there. This is not how they normally behave. You know some people are agitated and a little bit more bouncy or fidgety or whatever you want to say most of the time. If that’s how they are, then you know that’s how they are and it’s not a drug, wants to rule out the drug-related causes, including physical causes. You know if they’re in chronic pain if you know etc. There are a lot of reasons somebody could be excessively sleepy have difficulty concentrating be overly agitated. There are a lot of things that use diagnostic procedures to determine the types of drugs being used. So in screening, we’re going to ask them what they’ve been using. But ideally, you can also do an on-site drug screening. You know having a pee in a cup and the on-site. Screenings are not super reliable, but it gives you something to look at. You know most cases, it’s anywhere between 60 and 70 percent reliability, which is why, if it comes up positive and the person says, I didn’t use that it needs to be sent off to a lab for mass spectrometry. To determine what happened, because you can get false positives and you can get false negatives, they may have used something and it doesn’t show up on the test. So you don’t want to just trust the on sites as being a hundred percent, but it is a good tool to identify whether the person is telling you the truth about how much or what their current, whether they’re currently using or not assess Clients, mental health and trauma history. You’re not going to get deep into the weeds here, just ask them if they have a history of depression, anxiety, or abuse of any sort and move on to their safety or environmental needs. Do they have a safe place to sleep? You know if they have an address, you know, do they feel safe in their home? Do they eat well, how’s their nutrition? Do they have any physical health needs that are not getting met? Do they have any other wraparound needs? If they’ve got kids, do they have access to childcare? Are they having problems with transportation? Are they able to afford the medications that they’re already prescribed, etc? So we want to ask them about some basic things like that, and then we’re going to assess the danger to themselves and others. Are they talking about harming themselves or someone else? And we also want to ask if they’re thinking about hurting themselves or someone else. Screening methods include interviewing the clients and significant others using screening instruments and lab tests like urinalysis that we talked about signs of substance, use disorders or mental health issues. We want to look for number one, the circumstances of contact. If the person was referred by the court, then that’s a pretty good sign that there may be a substance use disorder going on if they’re referred because of a DUI. For example, if they’re referred because of a fight they got into, but they weren’t using at the time their blood alcohol was zero. We want to look maybe for mental health issues and things like intermittent explosive disorder. You want to look at the clients, demeanor, and behavior. Are they acting like they’re under the influence when they come in for the screening? Are they showing signs of acute intoxication or withdrawal? Are there any physical signs of drug use or self-injury? Needle injection marks, if they have a get frequent bloody noses, you know if they get bloody noses, while they’re in your office or if they have signs that they’ve been picking. Those can be all physical signs of drug use. Emaciation and malnutrition are also signed some drugs will cause the pupils to be dilated. Other drugs will cause the pupils to be pinpointed. So you want to know what the signs of different drugs are for drugs of intoxication and different signs that people have been using, especially injection, but, like I said, sometimes, drugs will cause people to pick or itch, and that will show indicate to you that there might Be an underlying issue and information spontaneously offered by the client or significant others can give you information about whether there’s a substance, use or mental health issue, and sometimes the significant other. Let me just kind of back up: there may be the significance the spouse brought the person in and when you go out to meet them you, the person, the person being interviewed. Doesn’t want their spouse in there. They want. They want to go back by themselves, okay, that’s cool, you go out and meet the person and then, if you can, with permission, bring the spouse back after the screening to give them both the results, and at that point the significant other the spouse may Spontaneously say: oh well, why didn’t you tell them about? You know the DUI you had three years ago or whatever. So sometimes spouses will just kind of blurt things out because they suspect that the significant other didn’t already say it during the interview. So if you can get that person in a private place where they have an opportunity to say something wonderful but remember you know you do have to have the client’s permission. Screening instruments can be developed by the agency or use standardized instruments. The cage is a common one and you ask a person: have they tried to cut down unsuccessfully, do they feel annoyed when people talk to them about their substance use, do they feel guilty about the substances about using their substances and do they sometimes have to Use first thing: in the morning to kind of wake up we call it an eye opener if they say yes to one or more of those, there’s a chance that they may have a problem. The gain is another tool that you can use, as is the Michigan alcohol screening test or the Sasi. So all of those are standardized instruments, and some of them cost money. Others, like Kay, don’t, so it may depend on your agency and what kind of budget you’ve got. What instruments you’re using any instruments you do use must detail what action should be taken based on received scores. So if a person takes the cage – and they say yes to one but not any of the others, does that mean they should be sent for a referral if they say yes to two, when at what point should they be sent for a full assessment? You want to screen when screening for mental health you want to screen for acute symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions or depression or anxiety, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and other mood and thought disturbances. So you’re going to ask them about time, place, purpose, and person. Do you know what time it is? Do you know where you are? Do you know why you’re here and do you know who I am you’re going to ask them about short and long-term memory if they can tell you about something from their childhood great, but you’re also going to ask them If they can tell you about what they had for lunch, another thing you want to assess or another way to assess short term memory is to tell them. I’m going to tell you four words and I want I’m going to. Ask you in a few minutes to recall those four words for me and then tell them four words: make them easy words like dog cat, bird, and fish. You know not something hard to remember and then in five or ten minutes. Ask them what were the four words I told you and see if they can remember you’re going to ask them about prior involvement in mental health treatment. What worked and what didn’t if they have been in treatment? What prescription medications do they use, and this includes all prescriptions because physical health prescriptions can have mental health side effects? Ask them about recent traumas again, don’t get into it, but ask them if they’ve been victimized or experienced any sort of abuse and a family history of mental illness. If they have a family history of mental illness, the chances of them developing mental illness are a little bit greater. When screening for mental health, you’re going to use the modified mini screen, the Mental Status exam, the mini Mental Status exam. The brief symptom inventory, a brief psychiatric rating scale, or the symptom checklist 9 t r. So those are the ones that you’re, typically going to use a lot of times. They’re already in your electronic medical record, so you’re not going to have to figure out what to use in terms of you know, knowing what the instruments are for certification and testing purposes. These are the six that you want to be aware of. So you can google each one of them and find out more about what each screening test can provide. Your screening is the initial contact to decide if a person may need a more in-depth assessment. Screening is brief but requires the person to be engaged in the process to get an accurate result. How well the person is engaged in the screening process is a direct predictor of whether he or she will continue in the process. 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