coming up I’ve broken some rules to make this carbon fiber and titanium there’s a rule you don’t do that well I did you don’t move fast and break things if the thing you’re going to break has got you inside it not what we thought a year on from the Titan tragedy we knew right where the sub was James Cameron reveals tapping sound tapping sounds ridiculous what really happened at the bottom of the ocean the entire world waiting with baited breath we all knew they were dead so the Coast Guard live that’s next on 60 Minutes if there’s one small Comfort to be taken from the Ocean Gate deep sea submersible disaster it’s that death was instant for the five occupants on board but a year on from the tragedy there are still so many unanswered questions like why the Strang looking craft on a mission to the wreck of the Titanic catastrophically imploded and why for days on end was the world led to believe there was hope for a successful Rescue Mission the lack of credible information about what really happened is now becoming increasingly unfathomable not only for other undersea explorers like Hollywood icon James Cameron but also for the families of the victims it’s in my home but it’s in a box because I I don’t want to see it every day because it’s make me remember this bad moment it might not look like much but this shriveled Styrofoam cup holds more meaning than most of us can fathom for sidy nag it’s a treasured trophy the only remaining evidence of her father’s final adventure to the wreck of the Titanic it must be so speci for you to have that cup yeah it’s very special because it was with my dad to his last moment so yeah it’s uh it’s very special an avid deep sea Explorer Paul lri N made a habit of taking decorated styrofoam cups on his missions to see them shrink under the pressure of descent remarkably this one somehow surv survived the catastrophic implosion of the Titan ocean Gates experimental submersible the allowed search for a missing submersible with five people on board leads to a tragic Discovery and there are no survivors one year on cidney is still desperate for answers but she’s never heard from Ocean Gate they still haven’t contacted you to give condolences or or explain what happened nothing from them no condolences no we are sorry nothing that’s extraordinary yeah these guys broke the rules it’s that simple they should not have been legally allowed to carry passengers James Cameron is furious too his friend Sid’s dad Paul HRI should be alive today I got him and he got me tonight the legendary film director and Titanic expert is ready to set the record straight on the frenzied search mission running all over the surface the entire world you know waiting with baited breath talking about 96 hours of oxygen we all knew they were dead and why despite five active investigations the world is still waiting for answers I think they went by a procedure that was torturous for the family seeing her coming out of the darkness like a ghost ship still gets me every time James Cameron’s knowledge of the deep goes far beyond his Oscar winning picture are you ready to go back to Titanic he’s visited the Titanic Rec site 33 times and designed and piloted a submarine to the deepest known point on Earth I’m at the trench wall I am working a steep rock cliff over you’ve spent more time at the Titanic wreck than the actual Captain spent on the Sheep yeah if you do the math it actually is true given his credentials you’d think he’d be an obvious choice for investigators looking for expert advice on the Titans ill- fated dive and yet Jim is still waiting for a phone call what are you hearing about where the investigation is up to I’ve made myself available I’ve volunteered to the investigative committee at the Coast Guard nothing they haven’t interviewed you I think they want to do things their way and frankly I think they’ve kind of got egg on their face uh and they don’t want outside opinions that’s just my interpretation it’s a stunning claim from one of the world’s leading experts in deep sea exploration that was you know almost a year ago so uh that’s astonishing to me why listen to a scientist we’ve taken a completely new approach to the subd design and it’s all run with this game controller and these touch screens so if you want to go forward you press forward if you want to go back you go back turn left turn right go down go up ocean Gates Maverick CEO Stockton Rush pushed the limits of sense and safety while promising passengers an unforgettable Adventure Ocean Gate Expeditions offers you the once- in a-lifetime opportunity to be a specially trained crew member safely diving to the Titanic wreckage site the corporate video might sound in enticing but in reality the Titan was an untested outlier the only commercial submersible in the world with a hull made from carbon fiber composite which industry experts agree is incapable of withstanding extreme deep sea pressure as a result the sub wasn’t classed or certified you’re remembered for the rules you break and you know I’ve broken some rules to make this carbon fiber in titanium there’s a rule you don’t do that well I did he seemed to take a real pride in in his unconventional approach in breaking the rules exactly and I think this is this is a place where you’ve got to really know your stuff before you can step outside the box you don’t move fast and break things as they say in Silicon Valley if the thing you’re going to break has got you inside it along with other innocent people who you know who believe you’re line of BS oh June 18 last year Stockton Rush set off for the most famous shipwreck on Earth with Paul lri N as guide and three paying passengers billionaire Explorer HH Harding Pakistani businessman shazar Darwood and his teenage son sullon but less than 2 hours into the dive on that Sunday communication stopped and a medeia storm began Rescuers are racing to find the missing dive vessel but the US Coast Guard is not letting up well we received a call in Boston the afternoon of the 18th they had put a submersible down on the S side of the Titanic and they had lost Communications uh earlier that day Captain Jamie Frederick knew right away the US Coast Guard was facing an unprecedented Challenge and had you ever received a call of that nature before no it was certainly an anomalous in fact I’ve been in the Coast Guard uh for uh just about 30 years and I’ve never dealt with a subsurface uh search it was challenging for the families of those on board it was an unbearable weight with only one thing keeping them going hope with all the boats that came all the people involved for looking for them I really had hope I really thought they could find them and find them alive yes of course I was thinking they would find them alive and for a couple of days there a miracle seemed possible Eerie Echoes of banging noises picked up by soner equipment l a fuse under the search for the sub painting a haunting picture of the five men trapped inside at the bottom of the ocean it just made such a beautiful media circus you know to talk about a Race Against Time these poor people tapping sounds tapping sounds ridiculous James Cameron wasn’t surprised at all when US Navy analysis found the banging noises weren’t human and were most likely from the ocean or ships in the area they’re hearing a little crescent wrench or something tapping against a a hull over the sound of 11 ships operating in the immediate vicinity moving giant pieces of deck equipment around not possible you know that’s like you know hearing a a sparrow fart over the Caff of an airport so that whole thing was maybe a metaphor you’ll want to cut out it’s a great metaphor but you’re saying that whole thing was fiction well we knew I mean my jaw literally dropped open further and farther each day that they that they never cautioned everybody coming up the incredible rescue plans once we connected to them they were coming up and why the entire frenzy was pointless because as you’ll see there was one critical piece of information the Coast Guard didn’t share 9:25 confirmed implosion and I literally wrote that on the pad the moment I heard from my Naval source so the Coast Guard lied The Saga of the missing Titan submersible had all the makings of a Hollywood movie billionaire explorers missing on their way to the graveyard of a ship once thought to be Unsinkable with the clock ticking oxygen running out and the world watching I knew that this was going to be a big story Ed casano was ready to play the hero his remotely operated deepsea vehicle the Odus 6 was the only submersible that would make it nearly 4 kilm down to the Titanic site and quickly did you at that point truly believe this was a rescue mission absolutely 4 days after the sub disappeared and spurred on by reports of banging noises odia 6 descended through the cold cruel depths of the North Atlantic Ocean with an incredible mission to tow them into safety the plan that we had once we plugged into the scene was we would go to seafloor we were rigged for heavy lift we were going to connect onto the Titan submersible once we connected to them they were coming up it would have been a miraculous survival story but James Cameron says it was always fiction tonight revealing for the first time the moment he knew the Titan had suffered a catastrophic implosion I just found this in my in my file it says this is on uh casad delmare stationary that’s the hotel I was in in La at the time that I heard about it 9:25 that’s a.m 9:25 confirmed implosion and I literally wrote that on the pad the moment I heard from my Naval Source very reliable source that they had uh heard an event and triangulated it to the site that US Naval intelligence of an implosion near the Titanic Rec site came just hours after the Titan set off for James Cameron it was a deeply personal tragedy his good friend and fellow Titanic buff pH nag was on board I had a silent moment because I knew P pH very well and um posos is how we’d said cuz he’s French right um it was a somber moment and then it just transformed into this crazy thing everybody running around with their hair on fire when we knew right where the sub was but nobody could admit that they didn’t have the means to go down and look so they were running all over the surface and the entire world you know waiting with baited breath talking about 96 hours of oxygen we all knew they were dead we’d already hoisted a glass you know uh toast to our fallen comrades on Monday night so the Coast Guard lied I don’t think they lied I think they went by a procedure that was torturous for the family unnecessarily unnecessarily torturous for the family I don’t think they lied they just didn’t disclose they were informed by by Naval intelligence that the an implosion event was tracked to the coordinate of the Titanic Rec site now could it have been something else one and a trillion but the Coast Guard insists that information was inconclusive as far as Captain Jamie Frederick is concerned a rescue mission doesn’t become a recovery Mission until there’s tangible evidence had you had at that early stage reports of Naval intelligence of an implosion at the Titanic recite that day had you heard those reports we received the information from the from the Navy very early on that they had detected an anomaly in the vicinity of the S of the Titanic but at the time that information was at a classified level that couldn’t be shared publicly and it also was not definitive and frankly you know in the business of search and rescue absent definitive information we have both we have a moral responsibility um and a statutory responsibility frankly to continue to search so did you genuinely feel hope that this was still potentially a rescue operation if there’s one thing that I’ve learned in 30 years of doing search and rescue if you don’t have hope and you’re conducting a search and rescue case you’re in the wrong business because I have seen some pretty remarkable things happen uh over my career but this time it wasn’t to be Ed casano will never forget the moment his remotely operated vehicle the Odus 6 spotted debris on the sea floor it was quiet I remember and uh you know it it felt like immediately there was an answer with what we were addressing um I would say in general the feeling was professional but profound it was obvious that what we were dealing with was a recovery not a rescue sidon Nile had been desperately clinging to hope that her father pH could be found alive when you learned there had been a huge implosion how did that make you reflect on the search that in fact you know they likely had been dead for days I don’t really know what to think about it because in a way this church sorry no take your time take your time yeah in a way I had hope for for for days more you know but him being alive so in a way it’s more difficult because it’s hope for nothing but in a way I thought during 4 days it was still alive it’s a sad irony for syney that her father’s obsession with the Titanic’s watery graveyard would ultimately claim his life my dad could spend all day long talking about the Titanic so he really loved that he was Mr Titanic to many people yes Mr Titanic ph’s 38th dive to the wreckage alongside Ocean Gate boss Stockton Rush would be his last it never made sense to me how someone with so much experience would agree to dive with Ocean Gate knowing the isas that’s a tricky area for me yeah but I have to remind myself that pH wasn’t an engineer per se he was an explorer at heart I also know his heart which was to go which was to go which was to to dive do you expect that we charges should someone be prosecuted I think that that there should be some changes they didn’t have classification theoretically they should not have been legally allowed to carry passengers this is an experimental sub this is is a dangerous environment is this a case of the person who should be prosecuted is in fact already dead yeah I think the I think the tragedy is he took others with him he should have listened to the warnings but don’t we say that about the captain of Titanic James Cameron is now channeling his outrage at Ocean Gate and the investigation into a new deep sea mission vowing to return to the Titanic in honor of his dear friend and to make sure Stockton Russia’s failed experiment is relegated to the history books exploration will proceed because it must and because it’s part of the human Spirit right and you know a knucklehead that made a mistake shouldn’t be holding everybody else back and it won’t right uh we have plans to build a sub that can can go to 4,000 M and we will wow and I may even go back in uh to T anic in in that sub just to prove the point that if it’s done right it can be done [Music] safely hello I’m Amelia Adams thanks for watching 60 Minutes Australia subscribe to our Channel now for brand new stories and exclusive 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A high, prolonged cortisol level can mess with a lot of stuff. It’s even been seen to decrease the volume of your hippocampus, the area responsible
for learning and memory, and a reduced hippocampus
is more often seen in people with depression than those without. So all this is to say that the extra stress is probably not doing your brain or your body any favors. And humans are historically
bad at making decisions when they don’t know
what’s going to happen?
So, what can you do to
reduce the allostatic load? Reduce stress. Eating well, exercising, and maintaining a regular sleep schedule cannot be overlooked. Exercising alone can
reduce stress hormones, even with just a 20-minute walk. And a different way of
thinking could also help us: an idea called model-free learning. It’s trial and error. Instead of basing your risk assessment on similar examples from the past or envisioning future scenarios, you just take it one step at a time. This way, you reassess and
update your estimate of what’s happening and how to prepare. We’re dealing with a new virus, constantly changing policies, and likely a completely different schedule and maybe even environment. Our brain is on high alert at all times to identify potential threats.
This means that even if you’re spending most of your time laying around, your brain isn’t, so try not to beat yourself up for feeling tired or fuzzy, or unmotivated. You just don’t need anything
else to stress about. Now that you know all of this, how are you feeling? Alex: To be honest, I
do still feel the same. Fran: I think I’m feeling a
bit better after watching it. Victoria: It’s
my body is exhausted from feeling things and being under stress all day, all the time. Graham: Whenever I feel
that allostatic load starting to weigh down on me, you know, I can put a
name on it, a face on it, and it makes it a lot
easier to deal with it.
So we can see the overall
representation of the Cauchy stress tensor. So first is stresses acting on x
plane. Now which is the x plane, this is the x plane. So there are two
x planes, this is negative x and this is positive x. So what are the
stresses which are acting, we have sigma xx in the direction of x?
So, all of them are acting on x plane. Then we have sigma XY and sigma xz. Similarly,
on the other side of another plane which is a negative x plane we have sigma XY, sigma xz, and sigma xx.
It is identical but it is on the other side. Then we have stressed on y plane.
Now what is
meant by y plane, a plane with y direction as the normal. So you are talking about this and this.
So you have positive y and this is negative y. Similarly, in this, you have
sigma yy, sigma yy, which is the direction, in the direction
of y and you have sigma y x, sigma yz, similarly sigma y x and sigma yz. Then
we have stresses acting on the z plane, what are the stresses acting on the z plane, and
what is the z plane, this is the positive z plane and this is the negative z plane and
this stress is acting as sigma zz, sigma zx, sigma zy. Similarly, here also
you have sigma zz, sigma zx, and sigma zy. So these are the representation of the components
of Cauchy stress on a given control volume. So, all these stress components are acting at
a point. Now we need to keep in mind that I have shown a control volume in the figure, and
that is only for understanding how the stresses are oriented. Otherwise, it does not serve
any purpose. We need to still understand that whatever stress components are there in
the Cauchy stress tensor, it is acting at a point and the control volume, the cuboid is shown only
to indicate the plane on which it is acting. So that’s that notion we should not forget.
So it is stress acting at a point. Now having said that, we need to now define some
sort of sign convention of the Cauchy stress tensor.
So the given sign conventions are the traction
components on the positive plane. So now we have already marked what is a positive plane.
So the traction component on the positive plane acting in the positive direction means the
direction of x y z which is in the positive direction, so is positive. So you have a positive
plane and the traction component is acting in the positive direction, so it is positive.
Similarly, if you have a positive plane and the traction component is acting in
a negative direction, so it is negative. For the negative plane, if the plane is negative
and the traction component is acting in a negative direction, so it is positive.
And the final case
is negative plane traction component direction is a positive direction, it is negative. So this is
one sign convention, you can see that numerous sign conventions are available, and uh one may use them at his convenience, but if you follow one sign convention,
you need to follow it throughout. So this is one convenient way of uh defining sign
convention, there are assigned conventions that are available based on movement also, and sometimes
it may be difficult to understand. So this is very easy and very easy to define as well, one example
is given here.
So this is the positive x plane, and the stresses acting are sigma xx, sigma
XY and sigma xz. If you consider sigma xx, this is acting on a positive x plane.
And sigma xx is in acting in the positive x direction. So that is why it is positive,
similarly to sigma XY and sigma xz. Now consider the case of the negative x plane, if you consider sigma
XY, this is a negative plane, negative x plane whereas, this is acting in the positive y direction.
So negative plane positive y direction, so it is negative.
Similarly, all the stress
component signs can be assigned. So this is the sign convention of the Cauchy stress tensor. So what
is the summary that we have understood till now? There are three normal
components or normal stresses, sigma xx, sigma yy, and sigma oz. You can
see that in this figure, you have sigma x x, sigma yy, and sigma zz, these are acting in
the same direction as that normal. So there are three normal components or normal
stresses sigma xx, sigma yy, sigma zz or it is merely stated as sigma x, sigma
y, sigma z which is a common terminology, which we normally use in mechanics.
There are six shear components or shear stresses to be very specific all indices
were I not equal to j, here it is I equal to, here I not equal to j.
So these are shear
components of traction or shear stresses, it is written either in sigma form or in tau
form. Cauchy stress tensor a second-order tensor quantifies the internal force distribution in a
body at a given position and time corresponding to a given deformation.
Why time is important is because we are considering the condition
corresponding to a given deformation. And internal forces, which that gets developed
followed the basic laws of mechanics. Now one particular aspect of why stress
at a point that information is needed is to, define the equilibrium equation. So it is an
application of why you need to know stress at a point.
Now stress at a point is
very important to define the equilibrium equation as we have seen in the beginning, you have seen
that certain requirements need to be satisfied like the equilibrium condition,
the compatibility condition, and so on. Now for defining the equilibrium condition, we
need to specify the equilibrium equation. I will not go into the derivation of this equilibrium
equation it is very basic and is mostly seen by most of you. So by considering a given
control volume, the equilibrium equation can be represented as follows. And you can see that the
components of equilibrium equations are the stress tensor components, the only new term is gamma.
Where gamma is a self-weight of the gravity stress which acts in the z-direction or the vertical
direction and to be very specific stresses are in terms of total stresses in this particular
equation, it is invariably necessary to know stress at a point for defining
equilibrium condition.
Now based on equilibrium, we can say that tau yx is equal to tau XY, tau
yz is equal to zy and tau zx is equal to tau xz. Therefore, the stress tensor is represented
by six independent stress components, there are nine components in the Cauchy
stress tensor just because of this condition, we have six independent stress components, and
they are three normal stresses, sigma x, sigma y, sigma z, and three shear stresses tau XY, tau
yz and tau Zx, where tau XY is equal to tau yx. So this is what it is. So that is how it boils
down to six independent stress components. So the final summary of what
we learned in this particular lecture is Cauchy stress, sigma is a second-order
tensor. The element of stress tensor represents components of traction acting on three orthogonal
planes according to a given Cartesian coordinate. Sigma I j means j component of traction vector
acting on the ith plane. Stress tensor sigma has three normal stress components and six shear
stress components.
But based on equilibrium, there are six independent stresses
three normal and three shear stresses. All the stress components are acting at a
point that is very relevant and which is very important. The components
of sigma depend on the coordinate axis, please note here as such sigma
is not dependent on the coordinate axis, but the components of sigma, I mean to say
sigma x, sigma xy those are the components or the traction vector components, they
are dependent on the coordinate axis. So there is a distinction that needs to be
very clear, one should not get confused with sigma as a whole and the components of sigma.
Sigma as a whole is not dependent on any axis, but the components of sigma keep changing, but
the overall sigma representation of internal force remains the same depending on the reference axis,
and the component’s magnitude value keeps changing. Stress tensor sigma at any point in the body
defines the internal force distribution of a body. So this is all about this particular
lecture, which we will see in the next lecture.
It is an organ
that actively releases hormones and immune system chemicals
called cytokines that can increase your risk
of developing chronic diseases, such as heart disease
and insulin resistance. Meanwhile, stress hormones
affect immune cells in a variety of ways. Initially, they help prepare
to fight invaders and heal after injury, but chronic stress can dampen function
of some immune cells, make you more susceptible to infections,
and slow the rate you heal.
Want to live a long life? You may have to curb your chronic stress. That’s because it has even been
associated with shortened telomeres, the shoelace tip ends of chromosomes
that measure a cell’s age. Telomeres cap chromosomes to allow DNA to get copied
every time a cell divides without damaging
the cell’s genetic code, and they shorten with each cell division. When telomeres become too short,
a cell can no longer divide and it dies. As if all that weren’t enough, chronic stress has even more ways
it can sabotage your health, including acne, hair loss, sexual dysfunction, headaches, muscle tension, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, and irritability. So, what does all this mean for you? Your life will always be filled
with stressful situations. But what matters to your brain
and entire body is how you respond to that stress. If you can view those situations
as challenges you can control and master, rather than as insurmountable threats, you will perform better in the short run
and stay healthy in the long run.
For example, the smell of a campfire could evoke the memory of being trapped
in a burning house. For someone with PTSD, that memory activates the same
neurochemical cascade as the original event. That then stirs up the same feelings
of panic and helplessness as if they’re experiencing
the trauma all over again. Trying to avoid these triggers,
which are sometimes unpredictable, can lead to isolation. That can leave people feeling invalidated, ignored, or misunderstood like a pause button has been
pushed on their lives while the rest of the world
continues around them. But, there are options.
If you think you might
be suffering from PTSD, the first step is an evaluation
with a mental health professional who can direct you toward
the many resources available. Psychotherapy can
be very effective for PTSD, helping patients better
understand their triggers. And certain medications
can make symptoms more manageable, as can self-care practices,
like mindfulness and regular exercise. What if you notice signs of PTSD
in a friend or family member? Social support, acceptance, and
empathy are key to helping and recovery. Let them know you believe their
account of what they’re experiencing, and that you don’t blame them
for their reactions. If they’re open to it, encourage them to seek evaluation
and treatment. PTSD has been called “the hidden wound” because it comes
without outward physical signs. But even if it’s an invisible disorder,
it doesn’t have to be a silent one.
