Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity. It can affect a person’s thoughts, behavior, motivation, feelings, and sense of well-being. It may feature sadness, difficulty in thinking and concentration and a significant increase/decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, and people experiencing depression may have feelings of dejection, hopelessness and, sometimes, suicidal thoughts. It can either be short term or long term. The core symptom of depression is said to be anhedonia, which refers to the loss of interest or a loss of feeling of pleasure in certain activities that usually bring joy to people. Depressed mood is a symptom of some mood disorders such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia; it is a normal temporary reaction to life events, such as the loss of a loved one; and it is also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments.
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Social anxiety is nervousness in social situations. Some disorders associated with the social anxiety spectrum include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, autism, eating disorders, and substance use disorders. Individuals higher in social anxiety avert their gazes, show fewer facial expressions, and show difficulty with initiating and maintaining a conversation. Trait social anxiety, the stable tendency to experience this nervousness, can be distinguished from state anxiety, the momentary response to a particular social stimulus. Nearly 90% of individuals report feeling symptoms of social anxiety (i.e. shyness) at some point in their lives. Half of the individuals with any social fears meet criteria for social anxiety disorder. The function of social anxiety is to increase arousal and attention to social interactions, inhibit unwanted social behavior, and motivate preparation for future social situations.
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Panic Room is a 2002 American thriller film directed by David Fincher. The film stars Jodie Foster and Kristen Stewart as a mother and daughter whose new home is invaded by burglars, played by Forest Whitaker, Jared Leto, and Dwight Yoakam. The script was written by David Koepp.
Koepp’s screenplay was inspired by news coverage in 2000 about panic rooms. The film was Fincher’s fifth feature film, following Fight Club (1999). Fincher and Koepp brought together a crew of people with whom each had worked before. The house and its panic room were built on a Raleigh Studios lot. Nicole Kidman was originally cast as the mother, but she left after aggravating a previous injury. Her departure threatened the completion of the film, but Foster quickly replaced Kidman. The filmmakers used computer-generated imagery to create the illusion of the film camera moving through the house’s rooms. Foster became pregnant during the shooting schedule, so filming was suspended until after she gave birth. The film’s production cost $48 million.
https://youtu.be/3qL5-mF6Cv4 Lucifer – House For Sale (1975)
The film was commercially released in the United States and Canada on March 29, 2002. The film grossed $30 million on its opening weekend. In the United States and Canada, it grossed $96.4 million. In other territories, it grossed $100 million for a worldwide total of $196.4 million. Critics generally praised the film. Panic Room has been assessed for its portrayal of childhood and feminism, the elements of video surveillance and diabetes, and its thematic approach to mortality.
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Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, numbness, or a feeling that something bad is going to happen. The maximum degree of symptoms occurs within minutes. Typically they last for about 30 minutes but the duration can vary from seconds to hours. There may be a fear of losing control or chest pain. Panic attacks themselves are not typically dangerous physically. Panic attacks can occur due to a number of disorders including panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, drug use disorder, depression, and medical problems. They can either be triggered or occur unexpectedly. Smoking, caffeine, and psychological stress increase the risk of having a panic attack.
Before diagnosis, conditions that produce similar symptoms should be ruled out, such as hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, heart disease, lung disease, and drug use. Treatment of panic attacks should be directed at the underlying cause. In those with frequent attacks, counseling or medications may be used. Breathing training and muscle relaxation techniques may also help. Those affected are at a higher risk of suicide. In Europe, about 3% of the population has a panic attack in a given year while in the United States they affect about 11%. They are more common in females than in males. They often begin during puberty or early adulthood. Children and older people are less commonly affected.
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A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event that causes stress to an organism. Psychologically speaking, a stressor can be events or environments that an individual would consider demanding, challenging, and or threaten the individual’s safety. An event that triggers the stress response may include:
environmental stressors (hypo or hyperthermic temperatures, elevated sound levels, over-illumination, overcrowding)
daily stress events (e.g., traffic, lost keys, money, quality and quantity of physical activity)
life changes (e.g., divorce, bereavement)
workplace stressors (e.g., high job demand vs. low job control, repeated or sustained exertions, forceful exertions, extreme postures, office clutter)
chemical stressors (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, drugs)
social stressor (e.g., societal and family demands)Stressors have physical, chemical and mental responses inside of the body. Physical stressors produce mechanical stresses on skin, bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves that cause tissue deformation and in extreme cases tissue failure. Chemical stresses also produce biomechanical responses associated with metabolism and tissue repair. Physical stressors may produce pain and impair work performance. Chronic pain and impairment requiring medical attention may result from extreme physical stressors or if there is not sufficient recovery time between successive exposures. A recent study shows that physical office clutter could be an example of physical stressors in a workplace setting. Stressors may also affect mental function and performance. One possible mechanism involves stimulation of the hypothalamus, CRF (corticotropin release factor) -> pituitary gland releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) -> adrenal cortex secretes various stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) -> stress hormones (30 varieties) travel in the bloodstream to relevant organs, e.g., glands, heart, intestines -> flight-or-fight response. Between this flow, there is an alternate path that can be taken after the stressor is transferred to the hypothalamus, which leads to the sympathetic nervous system. After which, the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine. Mental and social stressors may affect behavior and how individuals respond to physical and chemical stressors.
Life requires everyone to make sudden and planned adjustments to meet its demands, but the greater the demand comes with a greater adjustment and possibly more stress. Determining the impact of these various stressors allow individuals to decide the relationship between the types of stressors and the degree of distress. Identifying the stressor-stress relationship must involve quantifying the impact of life demands and all stress spurred from it. To do this, subjective measures and objective measures will be used depending on the situation. Individuals determine the degree of adjustment themselves in subjective measures, but a degree of adjustment will be or has already been assigned to the individual in an objective measure. The degrees of adjustment is measured by life change units, where one unit equals a degree of adjustment necessary to cope with the life change. The practice of measuring life change units led to the creation of many scales composed of these units that are tailored to certain life events or situations, such as social readjustment and college students.
Once the relationship between the stressor (event) and the stress, the individual can then begin to focus on the stress magnitude and the stress itself. For life events with a lower magnitude of impact, the ability to cope and adjust may not be very complex and relatively brief. But for others, life events with high magnitudes can impact their lives in many ways for an extended amount of time. The various stressors listed above can all have events or stressors that range anywhere from minor to traumatic. Traumatic events are very debilitating stressors, and often times these stressors are uncontrollable. Traumatic events can deplete an individual’s coping resources to an extent where the individual may develop acute stress disorder or even post-traumatic stress disorder. Acute stress disorder is a psychological disorder where a traumatic event that is life-threatening or threatens an injury causes a reaction of fear and helplessness lasting up to four weeks. Post-traumatic stress disorder has symptoms of lasting longer than one month, and the first symptom is a history of experiencing a traumatic event followed with a reaction of intense fear, helplessness, or horror. The traumatic event is persistently reexperienced in one of these ways: recurrent distressing recollections, dreams, flashbacks, illusions, or a sense of reliving the experience, and distress or physical arousal by reminders of this event. The individual suffers from a persistent avoidance of reminders of the event. People who have been abused, victimized, or terrorized are often more susceptible to stress disorders.
No matter the magnitude of the stressor and stress, most stressor-stress relationships can be evaluated and determined by either the individual or a psychologist. Without proper attention, stress can produce severe effects on mental health and the immune system, which can eventually lead to effects on the physical body. Therapeutic measures are often taken to help replenish and rebuild the individual’s coping resources while simultaneously aiding the individual in dealing with the current stressor.
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Vipassanā (Pāli) or vipaśyanā (Sanskrit), “insight,” is prajñā “insight into the true nature of reality”, defined as anicca “impermanence”, dukkha “suffering, unsatisfactoriness”, anattā “non-self”, the three marks of existence in the Theravada tradition, and as śūnyatā “emptiness” and Buddha-nature in the Mahayana traditions.
Meditation practice in the Theravada tradition ended in the 10th century but was reintroduced in Toungoo and Konbaung Burma in the 18th century, based on contemporary readings of the Satipaṭṭhāna sutta, the Visuddhimagga, and other texts. A new tradition developed in the 19th and 20th centuries, centering on bare insight in conjunction with Samatha. It became of central importance in the 20th-century Vipassanā movement as developed by Ledi Sayadaw and U Vimala and popularized by Mahasi Sayadaw, V. R. Dhiravamsa, and S. N. Goenka. In modern Theravada, the combination or disjunction of vipassanā and Samatha is a matter of dispute. While the Pali sutras hardly mention vipassanā, describing it as a mental quality alongside with Samatha which develop in tandem and lead to liberation, the Abhidhamma Pitaka and the commentaries describe Samatha and vipassanā as two separate meditation techniques. The Vipassanā movement favors vipassanā over Samatha, but critics point out that both are necessary elements of the Buddhist training.
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Panic Attack! is a hand-drawn, hand-painted animated short by Eileen O’Meara. It was jury-selected for Aspen Shortsfest, Palm Springs ShortFest, Florida Film Festival, Anim’est, and Raindance Film Festival.
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Posttraumatic stress dysfunction (PTSD) is really a mental disorder that may develop following a person is subjected to a traumatic function, such as erotic assault, warfare, visitors collisions, or some other threats on someone’s life. Symptoms can include disturbing thoughts, thoughts, or dreams linked to the events, psychological or physical problems to trauma-related cues, tries in order to avoid trauma-related cues, modifications in what sort of person believes and can feel, and a rise within the fight-or-flight reply. These symptoms final for greater than a month following the event. Small children are less inclined to show distress, but rather may show their reminiscences through play. An individual with PTSD reaches a higher chance for suicide and intentional self-harm.A lot of people who working experience a traumatic function does not produce PTSD. Individuals who experience interpersonal injuries such as for example rape or youngster abuse will develop PTSD, when compared with people who feel non-assault based injury, such as incidents and organic disasters. About 50 % of people create PTSD sticking with rape. Children will be not as likely than adults to build up PTSD after injury, especially if they’re under a decade of age. Prognosis is dependant on the current presence of specific symptoms carrying out a traumatic event. The reduction may be probable when counseling can be targeted at people that have early signs but isn’t effective when presented to all or any trauma-exposed individuals if symptoms can be found. The main treatment options for those who have PTSD are usually counseling (psychotherapy) and treatment. Antidepressants on the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor kind will be the first-line medicines for PTSD and bring about benefit in about 50 % of people. Advantages of medication are significantly less than those observed with counseling. It isn’t known whether making use of drugs and counselling mutually has greater gain than either approach separately. Other drugs don’t have enough evidence to aid their work with and, regarding benzodiazepines, may aggravate outcomes. In America, about 3.5% of grownups contain PTSD in the confirmed year or so, and 9% of individuals develop it sooner or later in their existence. In a lot of all of that other world, rates throughout a given year are usually between 0.5% and 1%. Better rates might occur in parts of armed conflict. It really is more prevalent in girls than in men. Outward indications of trauma-related mental issues have been noted since at the very least the time of this ancient Greeks. Through the World Wars, the problem was recognized under various terminology including “shell jolt” and “combat neurosis”. The word “posttraumatic stress dysfunction” arrived to use in the 1970s in large element because of the diagnoses of U.S. armed forces veterans in the Vietnam War. It had been officially acknowledged by the North American Psychiatric Connection in 1980 in the 3rd edition from the Diagnostic and Statistical Guide book of Mental Ailments (DSM-III).
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Buddhist meditation is the practice of meditation in Buddhism. The closest words for meditation in the classical languages of Buddhism are bhāvanā (“mental development”) and jhāna/dhyāna (mental training resulting in a calm and luminous mind). Buddhists pursue meditation as part of the path toward liberation, awakening and Nirvana, and includes a variety of meditation techniques, most notably Cuba Bhavana (“reflections on repulsiveness”); reflection on pratityasamutpada (dependent origination); sati (mindfulness) and Zanussi (recollections), including anapanasati (breath meditation); dhyana (developing an alert and luminous mind); and the Brahma-viharas (loving-kindness and compassion). These techniques aim to develop equanimity and sati (mindfulness); samadhi (concentration) c.q. samatha (tranquility) and vipassanā (insight); and are also said to lead to abhijñā (supramundane powers). These meditation techniques are preceded by and combined with practices which aid this development, such as moral restraint and right effort to develop wholesome states of mind.
While these techniques are used across Buddhist schools, there is also significant diversity. In the Theravada tradition, reflecting developments in early Buddhism, meditation techniques are classified as either Samatha (calming the mind) and vipassana (gaining insight). Chinese and Japanese Buddhism preserved a wide range of meditation techniques, which go back to early Buddhism, most notably Sarvastivada. In Tibetan Buddhism, deity yoga includes visualizations, which precede the realization of sunyata (“emptiness”).
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A limited symptom attack (LSA), also referred to as a limited symptom panic attack (LPA), is a milder, less comprehensive form of a panic attack, with fewer than four panic-related symptoms being experienced (APA 1994). For example, a sudden episode of intense dizziness or trembling accompanied by the fear that something terrible is about to happen. Many people with panic disorder have a mixture of full-blown and limited symptom attacks. LSAs often manifest in anxiety disorders, phobias, panic disorder, and agoraphobia. However, experiencing an LSA is not necessarily indicative of mental illness. Often persons recovering from or being treated for panic attacks and panic disorder will experience LSAs.
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