Conversion therapy | Wikipedia audio article

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This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_therapy 00:03:00 1 History 00:04:24 1.1 Europe 00:04:32 1.1.1 Sigmund Freud 00:08:03 1.1.2 Sándor Ferenczi 00:08:51 1.1.3 Anna Freud 00:11:12 1.1.4 Melanie Klein 00:12:44 1.1.5 Vote by European parliament in March 2018 00:13:10 1.2 United States 00:13:19 1.2.1 20th century 00:19:39 1.2.2 21st century 00:23:13 2 Theories and techniques 00:23:22 2.1 Behavioral modification 00:25:18 2.2 Ex-gay ministry 00:26:20 2.3 Psychoanalysis 00:28:17 2.4 Reparative therapy 00:29:37 2.5 Sex therapy 00:32:00 2.6 Lobotomy 00:33:13 3 Studies of conversion therapy 00:33:23 3.1 “Can Some Gay Men and Lesbians Change Their Sexual Orientation?” 00:35:09 3.2 Analysis of the May 2001 Spitzer report 00:38:26 3.3 “Changing Sexual Orientation: A Consumer’s Report” 00:39:45 4 Medical, scientific and legal views 00:39:56 4.1 Legal status 00:40:05 4.2 Legal status by US state 00:40:26 4.3 Status by health organizations 00:41:39 4.3.1 List of health organizations critical of conversion therapy 00:41:55 4.3.1.1 Multi-national health organizations 00:42:18 4.3.1.2 US health organizations 00:43:02 4.3.1.3 UK health organizations 00:43:54 4.3.1.4 Australian health organizations 00:45:13 4.3.1.5 Other health organizations 00:46:15 4.3.2 APA taskforce study 00:47:13 4.4 Self-determination 00:51:00 4.5 Ethics guidelines 00:55:36 4.6 International medical views 00:58:04 4.6.1 Australia 01:06:36 4.7 Legal views 01:08:21 5 See also 01:08:37 6 Notes 01:08:45 7 Bibliography 01:20:06 8 External links Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: – increases imagination and understanding – improves your listening skills – improves your own spoken accent – learn while on the move – reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio: https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91 Other Wikipedia audio articles at: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts Upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts Speaking Rate: 0.8773600478720093 Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C “I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.” – Socrates SUMMARY ======= Conversion therapy is the pseudoscientific practice of trying to change an individual’s sexual orientation from homosexual or bisexual to heterosexual using psychological or spiritual interventions. There is no reliable evidence that sexual orientation can be changed and medical bodies warn that conversion therapy practices are ineffective and potentially harmful. Medical, scientific, and government organizations in the United States and United Kingdom have expressed concern over the validity, efficacy and ethics of conversion therapy. Various jurisdictions in Asia, Europe, Oceania, and the Americas have passed laws against conversion therapy. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) opposes psychiatric treatment “based upon the assumption that homosexuality per se is a mental disorder or based upon the a priori assumption that a patient should change his/her sexual homosexual orientation” and describes attempts to change sexual orientation by practitioners as unethical. It also states that debates over the integration of gay and lesbian people have obscured science “by calling into question the motives and even the character of individuals on both sides of the issue” and that the advancement of conversion therapy may cause social harm by disseminating unscientific views about sexual orientation. United States Surgeon General David Satcher in 2001 issued a report stating that “there is no valid scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed”.The highest-profile advocates of conversion therapy today tend to be fundamentalist Christian groups and other organizations which use a religious justification for the therapy rather than speaking of homosexuality as “a disease”. The main organization advocating conversion therapy is the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), which, although notionally secular, often partners with religious groups.Techniques used in conversion therapy in the United States and Western Europe have included ice-pick lobotomies; chemical castration with hormonal treatment; aversive treatments, such as “the application of electric shock to the hands and/or genitals”; “nausea-inducing drugs … administered simultaneously with the presentation of homoerotic stimuli …