https://youtube.com/watch?v=1oe14o1XsME
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_therapy
00:03:00 1 History
00:04:24 1.1 Europe
00:04:32 1.1.1 Sigmund Freud
00:08:03 1.1.2 Sándor Ferenczi
00:08:51 1.1.3 Anna Freud
00:11:12 1.1.4 Melanie Klein
00:12:44 1.1.5 Vote by European parliament in March 2018
00:13:10 1.2 United States
00:13:19 1.2.1 20th century
00:19:39 1.2.2 21st century
00:23:13 2 Theories and techniques
00:23:22 2.1 Behavioral modification
00:25:18 2.2 Ex-gay ministry
00:26:20 2.3 Psychoanalysis
00:28:17 2.4 Reparative therapy
00:29:37 2.5 Sex therapy
00:32:00 2.6 Lobotomy
00:33:13 3 Studies of conversion therapy
00:33:23 3.1 “Can Some Gay Men and Lesbians Change Their Sexual Orientation?”
00:35:09 3.2 Analysis of the May 2001 Spitzer report
00:38:26 3.3 “Changing Sexual Orientation: A Consumer’s Report”
00:39:45 4 Medical, scientific and legal views
00:39:56 4.1 Legal status
00:40:05 4.2 Legal status by US state
00:40:26 4.3 Status by health organizations
00:41:39 4.3.1 List of health organizations critical of conversion therapy
00:41:55 4.3.1.1 Multi-national health organizations
00:42:18 4.3.1.2 US health organizations
00:43:02 4.3.1.3 UK health organizations
00:43:54 4.3.1.4 Australian health organizations
00:45:13 4.3.1.5 Other health organizations
00:46:15 4.3.2 APA taskforce study
00:47:13 4.4 Self-determination
00:51:00 4.5 Ethics guidelines
00:55:36 4.6 International medical views
00:58:04 4.6.1 Australia
01:06:36 4.7 Legal views
01:08:21 5 See also
01:08:37 6 Notes
01:08:45 7 Bibliography
01:20:06 8 External links
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– Socrates
SUMMARY
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Conversion therapy is the pseudoscientific practice of trying to change an individual’s sexual orientation from homosexual or bisexual to heterosexual using psychological or spiritual interventions. There is no reliable evidence that sexual orientation can be changed and medical bodies warn that conversion therapy practices are ineffective and potentially harmful. Medical, scientific, and government organizations in the United States and United Kingdom have expressed concern over the validity, efficacy and ethics of conversion therapy. Various jurisdictions in Asia, Europe, Oceania, and the Americas have passed laws against conversion therapy.
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) opposes psychiatric treatment “based upon the assumption that homosexuality per se is a mental disorder or based upon the a priori assumption that a patient should change his/her sexual homosexual orientation” and describes attempts to change sexual orientation by practitioners as unethical. It also states that debates over the integration of gay and lesbian people have obscured science “by calling into question the motives and even the character of individuals on both sides of the issue” and that the advancement of conversion therapy may cause social harm by disseminating unscientific views about sexual orientation. United States Surgeon General David Satcher in 2001 issued a report stating that “there is no valid scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed”.The highest-profile advocates of conversion therapy today tend to be fundamentalist Christian groups and other organizations which use a religious justification for the therapy rather than speaking of homosexuality as “a disease”. The main organization advocating conversion therapy is the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), which, although notionally secular, often partners with religious groups.Techniques used in conversion therapy in the United States and Western Europe have included ice-pick lobotomies; chemical castration with hormonal treatment; aversive treatments, such as “the application of electric shock to the hands and/or genitals”; “nausea-inducing drugs … administered simultaneously with the presentation of homoerotic stimuli …