Really sugar is shaky because it originates from a straight stick see the play is Granny yes Grandma plus new style luv MaryJane so listen (Granny Apple last years blue ribbon production winner AKA) I, I, I ain't on the right side of my house Jane something or the other is in my room: finally after an extermination Grannie speaks once more "let my (old man) Pacman step on it". See it is home on the range so solo as it be truity speaks got a problem it is your own. But alter scenario: Z/n time; narcotics I got that candy s.p.ee..d360 Bar itch its' and Mickey Mouse for the Sultan 7 1 4er well a hem a hem, it went early in the morning like a smack chanting sugar structure 7 -one 1 +eleven and 4 do an ate 'er 8 eight 'er? Well that aint nice. NARCO says do you know them numbers change (response) Yes it is a FiX they are MF's Ope yeah Ope Douglas is it.
Surrounded by Alkaloid is both Mary and Grandma in an never ending circle of membership. French mandates declare put up their dukes... ZEN Pepsi can talk half Chocolate and your ole man Pacman down in Cuba posing as the worlds one and only Coffee Wizard "back 1:1" tis Coffee time... ||
Stendhal syndrome, Stendhal’s syndrome or Florence syndrome is a psychosomatic condition involving rapid heartbeat, dizziness, fainting, confusion and even hallucinations, allegedly occurring when individuals become exposed to objects or phenomena of great beauty.
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The relationship between the stress and strain that a particular material displays are known as that particular material’s stress-strain curve. It is unique for each material and is found by recording the amount of deformation (strain) at distinct intervals of a variety of loadings (stress). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material (including data to establish the Modulus of Elasticity, E).
Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress-strain curves. The stress and strain can be normal, shear, or mixture, also can be uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial, even change with time. The form of deformation can be compression, stretching, torsion, rotation, and so on. If not mentioned otherwise, stress–strain curve refers to the relationship between axial normal stress and axial normal strain of materials measured in a tension test.
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Consider a bar of original cross sectional area A being subjected to equal and opposite forces F pulling at the ends so the bar is under tension. The material is experiencing a stress defined to be the ratio of the force to the cross sectional area of the bar, as well as an axial elongation:
σ
=
F
A
0
{displaystyle mathrm {sigma } ={tfrac {F}{A_{0}}}}
ϵ
=
L
−
L
0
L
0
=
Δ
L
L
0
{displaystyle mathrm {epsilon } ={tfrac {L-L_{0}}{L_{0}}}={tfrac {Delta L}{L_{0}}}}
Subscript 0 denotes the original dimensions of the sample. The SI unit for stress is newton per square meter, or pascal (1 pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m2), and for the strain is “1”. Stress-strain curve for this material is plotted by elongating the sample and recording the stress variation with strain until the sample fractures. By convention, the strain is set to the horizontal axis and stress is set to a vertical axis. Note that for engineering purposes we often assume the cross-section area of the material does not change during the whole deformation process. This is not true since the actual area will decrease while deforming due to elastic and plastic deformation. The curve assuming the cross-section area is fixed is called the “engineering stress-strain curve”, while the curve based on the actual cross-section area is the “true stress-strain curve”. If not mentioned otherwise, the relationship between the true stress-strain curve and the engineering stress-strain curve will be discussed later.
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What’s up everybody welcome back to my channel hi how are you guys no today I am so excited because first of all actually show you guys what time it is it’s in the morning hi oh my god okay so Good Morning America excuse me I’m sorry y’all no makeup on except some lip gloss but I’m excited because we’re off to Grand Rapids Michigan me Nathan his brother Zach who also films for our channel with Christian hi we have all five dogs going with us and we are so hungry we’re famished we’re dying so we thought why not do a mukbang eating show we haven’t done one in a while literally I I always usually do them with Trisha but we haven’t seen each other in a while the bitches on tour so I’m like Nate let’s do an eating show now Zach’s vegetarian and he goes you guys burger king has what is it Christian impossible oh the impossible burger impossible cut me okay so um we’re gonna order a bunch of food we’re gonna eat on the plane and we’re gonna try to get all five dogs on the jet as calmly as possible but you know it’s a circus in this family so we have a lot going on when we’re in Michigan we have a huge meet-and-greet at Alta to celebrate my morphe collab and we’re there to visit our house you guys know that we invest in a lot of real estate and hi Michigan we’re coming for you so I’m really hungry so let’s get the hell outta here and get to eating it is on the verge of dying so we took a leg it in oh my god so this is the charging station come on Electric and if you’ve never seen a Tesla car just hidden in here and you can let me in there we go alright so we’re gonna let it charge where it’s not to take another car Burger King don’t try me we’re on the way oh my god there’s a little bit of traffic right now I’m so hungry I think last night we got a little too stone and Oh Christian we’re about to die I haven’t been to Burger King in a minute I’m obsessed with you know me you guys cheeseburger playing french fries blah blah blah I love the Hershey pies there they have Wario Cheesecake we have so many good pies bitch I love a good pie so could you all hurry up bitches hungry so we’re just gonna have to order as much food as possible obviously we’ve got some vegetarian Christian yes I don’t know why I asked that so you and Zach are so we’re just gonna get you guys some food we’re gonna get me an eight some food and yeah we’ll be back a little bit oh wow this is a really nice one you better get it Burger King I think we just pull up Christian is there valet mmm maybe not this early oh okay okay oh look it frozen coke oh my god that’s like a drug dealers drinking okay frozen Fanta sign me up oh my god you guys they have free Wi-Fi here that is so special okay Oh they have use at a lot of places now I have to actually talk to a human being so let’s go try that they make it weird I’ll try it hi there how are you all right so what is the best thing you have for vegetarians you have the impossible burger yeah okay can I get it how many Christian two of us go crazy angry buh let’s get three basic is that who lives for it yeah it’s a great possible record Emil oh they’re just a sandwiches and then let’s get some ham bacon sausage platter one of those that’s so amazing like watching to make our plans and then let me get the French toast sticks with extra stare at three yeah yeah right anywhere else let’s do the sausage waffle sandwich it wise meal I’m no just sandwich sounds so good with the cinnamony they’re back thank you like God okay bye let me get to that to her she one twigs okay and then let me get a small frozen coast or that of theory yes I’d like McDonald’s and this shit actually works here yeah I got a five pack okay that doesn’t mean let’s get a medium hashbrown yeah one beggin egg cheese croissant now I get to go free oh right what was our total our total was fifty nine dollars and fifty two fans you better work that’s not bad for Burger King like five dollars let me be really honest usually get like a cheeseburger and a Hershey pie that’s it but they have so many new things here so I get so excited for like food and snacks alright so once we get the food we’re gonna go back to the house really quickly while the food’s still hot grab all the dogs get into a sprinter head to the Chet and get to eating so we’ll see you all a little bit alright Burger King thank you so much all right we are here at the airport and the dogs are all ready to get on I suppose go are you guys we’re in the jet and everyone is secure we have our Burger King over here get some desserts even cupcakes everything so as soon as we are up in the air and it’s safe we will begin eating she was living alright we’re about to take off little man e-mini all right you guys well we’re here yep all right da Vinci’s it needs a lab he doesn’t he’s a little nervous all the other dogs are just chilling but we have all of our food here we got a lot of stuff locked back we got you the impossible uh uh actually matches your hair by the way the crazy all right so let’s just pull out all the food Nate oh we got napkins jumbo whoppers the pancake okay now normally you guys we have dog etiquette our dogs were never allowed on our laps while we eat Finch is a little nervous so we’re gonna let up today sorry I do will let it slide what is this sunglow whipped butter Wow okay work interesting interesting all right and you guys we got some dessert there’s anyone shocked that I got a Hershey by not shocked at all maybe I got you a Twix all right check it out in other issue bye okay oh my god I was crazy look at this shit I went in all right we even got the I don’t know that is these fucking french toast sticks yeah oh my god I need to eat this shit right now okay let’s try them and we got a little scare Todd’s I tatertot it’s like childhood boo those are probably one of my favorite things ever yeah it’s been so long there’s so good look at the cinema news I’m dying oh where are those oh wow where is the glaze where is the frosting y’all oh my god imagine there’s not a stain Oh bitch I wouldn’t lend you this flight right now right so the impossible burger is vegetarian I don’t even know what’s in it does anyone know Christian you’ve had it once right I don’t know what’s sort of felt like I get impossible burger all right so you’ve never had it no obviously Zach’s a real vegetarian you know they don’t do pickles me neither well we’re sitting here guys I’m gonna start on the Hershey by we all know I like desserts first it’s like ripping open a FedEx package good or bad Ziza is it basic as are you living for it how many tastes like an impossible burger so I mean oh yeah come on whopper I have a real whopper here for you to case you need a reminder I mean it doesn’t please taste like it until you hit the impossible burger and then obviously it don’t taste like meat so right but is it a good like you know I’ve had vegetarian food I’ve had no my god I’m gonna say this so wrong I’m into both so I don’t it doesn’t like yeah we know you’re into both maybe okay it’s actually get it right here it’s gave me the camera right like you should have someone who’s actually vegetarian right is actually the real vegetarian look at that just we’re like really on brand where’s that sponsorship all right first impressions yeah is it better than their breakfast one that’s pretty good that’s very related okay all right you into it nate? you want some real me I mean don’t matter to me I’m down for any time yeah I’ll try the meat it’s not the real one how are you guys I’m gonna get it fist into my belly huh good morning and by the way this frozen coke everything all right the frozen coke a plus I will say that yeah should I try that you know I’ve learned to like sweets at breakfast food but let me do one fight come on give that shit on there though oh just a pickle me oh my god just looking at pickles make me sick let me just do this no everyone watching this knows I like everything plain I can I couldn’t eat that we should’ve got a plane one for me I flopped Oh oh my god all right that will now absolutely not look it’s so good take the corner bite oh my god no ketchup I’ll try this I just wanna taste the Patti Oh literally hey hot less damage I like grilled meat I really just want whipped cream so you thought it was okay that was pretty good yeah okay okay name we have set of minis you want to try those I don’t know if I can do all that sweets that I got you a fish sandwich I guess I don’t remember ordering that do you guys I know order that you did that’s someone else’s food you just know I’m good we got stead of minis we have another possible Berber Christians new whopper that’s a croissant that’s a croissant is that what you want that one I mean I love a croissant oh man oh whoa whoa whoa look at this I’ve never seen a patty like this before it’s like a waffle it’s like a Gucci wicker basket oh this is crazy it smells mom I’m not gonna mind yeah yep Oh I’m not mad at it as me I was gonna say try this never mind interesting Christian did you want to try anything on the table I’ll try some – insults oh they’re a little cold though that’s fine like my heart but give it away yeah you might want to heat him up I tried one if I wanna eat it up I’m pretty good best supporting role in a meal babe look I smell everything before you did I’ve been waiting this whole flight for one bite of this mother mine but we all know I’m the slowest eater if you don’t know I had a soffit of surgery was it this year or last year oh my god I mean early this year yeah maybe well so I chew very slow you want to know why I’ll put the link down below I know you nurses first a baby but Nate’s trainer is gonna try and kill me I don’t watches they’ll watch is 8 please oh my god he still watches oh so good I don’t really get enough of these a scientist I look at Nate killing me just a nostalgia I can’t like from what what is that honey chicken this no this french toast 600 what Christian I do have one of those as a kid you’re missing out all right I’m gonna finish off this last french toast bite my Bobby look at the Vinci I know blood all right I think the dogs need something they’re not having to BK right now they’re DaVinci one tree and let’s treat and once a little treat to my babies want a treat look it drum a little to do Street delicious delicious drama oh it took it we’ll then meet in my lap it’d be but you’re a big boy you’re ten years of spin or yeah go quietly hi baby he’s ready for one more drama gets another one let’s just see one that one do okay all jokes aside a lot of people ask what we feed our dogs when treats we used Stella and Chewy’s is such a good brand all organic ingredients are the best no filler and weirdness because our dogs do not eat that smoothie no bad stuff on the market did you do need one more dude oh I’m carnivore crunches all right I’m definitely still a little hungry the flight attendant said that she has some snacks and stuff for us let’s check it out watermelon juice cupcakes basically my favorite thing I mean that sounds delicious okay so let’s get rid of his Burger King and be right back all right we’re back we’re in Hawaii no we’re not we want a little more food a little bit maybe on the healthier side yeah so we got cupcakes and some crazy colored fruit appear cupcakes yellow Carol you guys liked I have never seen a yellow carrot before purple the cauliflower whoa do we try it right now yes we do whoa it tastes healthier than like a basic vigil orange carry on that really does I don’t know long experience with many bitches no no wow that’s rare what a melon juice Itzik surveyance so fresh Wow super fresh amazing watermelon juice is one of my favorite things on the planet it’s basil smells Sonia wash it down so yeah I mean Oh Lord look at the dragon fruit though this looks so yummy yeah that’s right I got it I got it I had it I was gonna try the Kiwi it’s about the same the Kiwi looks really yummy oh it’s so fresh oh my god pretty damn good oh yeah chill Kiwi are you gonna try the edible flowers name I have to so alleged that you can eat these I don’t know what they are why are they edible I say my supermarkets I have to go with the yellow one for obvious reasons for very obvious reasons I’m so sorry who’s this hopes that cream cheese I love cream cheese my stomach is like what are you doing to me she loves me she loves me the days for real meeting flowers no big deal it’s Cho it’s all better I have not heating the flowers it’s a little bitter don’t do that I don’t know about all that I do Oh the strawberry looks heaven well I’m gonna sit over here and eat my flowers oh yeah I’m eating so fresh it’s time to spend the time with the dogs we’re gonna go play with them and do a little jet tour and then we can’t wait to be in Grand Rapids dude he’s so cute you guys divas ten years old he is such a warrior hug thank you look he’s looking at the camera like excuse me I will say this though it’s really crazy this is the first trip that we’ve taken with all the dogs retirement isn’t here with us so definitely mr.
Law me too not to be all sad it’s kind of crazy here yes it is definitely they sing her a lot recipes it’s crazy and we’re not being in my lap I know she’ll always be able to big brothers to keep it all the little ones ruin he’s on guard that’s right nothing bad she’s doing a lot better now he was a little nervous when we first started the the flight but I think he’s doing good I good drama she’s still care for ages like I’m bored do we get to my house now she’s like I wanna run around the woods dad yeah drama loves the woods we’re gonna have so much fun in Michigan maybe my favorite time of the day and all the babies are sleeping now it’s time for me to just sit back take a little nap before we land because bitch you know I work a lot way too much over here on the camera cute all right good night everyone see all right you guys we are about to land it’s time to sign up and go enjoy some time with our family we having crazy week ahead of us of filming content and so thank you so much for watching today’s video and we’ll see you on the next one bye guys
High Anxiety (France: Haute Pressure, French pronunciation: [ot t??sj??]; launched in Britain as Switchblade Love) is really a 2003 French horror thriller movie guided by Alexandre Aja, compiled by Aja and Gr?gory Levasseur and starring C?cile de France, Ma?wenn, and Philippe Nahon.
High Tension was initially found by impartial distributor Lions Gate Enjoyment following a productive screening with the Midnight Madness portion of the 2003 Toronto International Movie Festival. The motion picture was originally scored NC-17 inside the U.S. for sturdy graphic violence. On the other hand, Lionsgate re-edited the movie (to protected an R ranking) and re-dubbed the movie in English, then simply Lionsgate invested $14 million to open up the movie in wide let go in America. However, the motion picture eventually simply grossed $3.6 million in the USA theatrically. Lionsgate, later on, released the initial cut (known as an unrated variation) on Blu-ray and Dvd movie.
All the effects are manufactured by distinguished horror make-up performer Giannetto De Rossi, a popular of late movie director Lucio Fulci. Superior Tension has been from the New People from France Extremity movement.
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Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination. It is the subjectively unpleasant feelings of dread over anticipated events, such as the feeling of imminent death. Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness and worry, usually generalized and unfocused as an overreaction to a situation that is only subjectively seen as menacing. It is often accompanied by muscular tension, restlessness, fatigue, and problems in concentration. Anxiety can be appropriate, but when experienced regularly the individual may suffer from an anxiety disorder. Anxiety is not the same as fear, which is a response to a real or perceived immediate threat; anxiety involves the expectation of future threat. People facing anxiety may withdraw from situations which have provoked anxiety in the past. Anxiety can be either a short-term “state” or a long-term “trait”. Whereas trait anxiety represents worrying about future events, anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear. Anxiety disorders are partly genetic, with twin studies suggesting 30-40% genetic influence on individual differences in anxiety. Environmental factors are also important. Twin studies show that individual-specific environments have a large influence on anxiety, whereas shared environmental influences (environments that affect twins in the same way) operate during childhood but decline through adolescence. Specific measured ‘environments’ that have been associated with anxiety include child abuse, family history of mental health disorders, and poverty.
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Anxiety is also associated with drug use, including alcohol, caffeine, and benzodiazepines (which are often prescribed to treat anxiety).
There are various types of anxiety. Existential anxiety can occur when a person faces angst, an existential crisis, or nihilistic feelings. People can also face mathematical anxiety, somatic anxiety, stage fright, or test anxiety. Social anxiety and stranger anxiety are caused when people are apprehensive around strangers or other people in general.
Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental health disorders, particularly major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, or certain personality disorders. It also commonly occurs with personality traits such as neuroticism. This observed co-occurrence is partly due to genetic and environmental influences shared between these traits and anxiety.
Stress hormones released in an anxious state have an impact on bowel function and can manifest physical symptoms that may contribute to or exacerbate IBS. Anxiety is often experienced by those with obsessive-compulsive disorder and is an acute presence in panic disorder.
The first step in the management of a person with anxiety symptoms involves evaluating the possible presence of an underlying medical cause, whose recognition is essential in order to decide the correct treatment. Anxiety symptoms may mask an organic disease, or appear associated with or as a result of a medical disorder.
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Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue or nerve tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system. The nervous system regulates and controls bodily functions and activity and consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the branching peripheral nerves. It is composed of neurons, or nerve cells, which receive and transmit impulses, and neuroglia, also known as glial cells or glia, which assist the propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide nutrients to the neurons.
Nervous tissue is made up of different types of nerve cells, all of which have an axon. An axon is the long stem-like part of the cell that sends action potential signals to the next cell. Bundles of axons make up the nerves in the PNS and tracts in the CNS.
Functions of the nervous system are sensory input integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity.
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The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood-brain barrier, which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries.
The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon. Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS. The autonomic nervous system exerts involuntary control over smooth muscle and glands. The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
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Robert Gabriel Mugabe (; Shona: [muɡaɓe]; 21 February 1924 – 6 September 2019) was a Zimbabwean revolutionary and politician who served as prime minister of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 1987 and then as president from 1987 to 2017. He chaired the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) group from 1975 to 1980 and led its successor political party, the ZANU – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF), from 1980 to 2017. Ideologically an African nationalist, during the 1970s and 1980s he identified as a Marxist–Leninist, and as a socialist after the 1990s. His policies have been described as Mugabe.
Mugabe was born to a poor Shona family in Kutama, Southern Rhodesia. Following an education at Kutama College and the University of Fort Hare, he worked as a school teacher in Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, and Ghana. Angered that Southern Rhodesia was a colony of the British Empire governed by its white minority, Mugabe embraced Marxism and joined African nationalist protests calling for an independent state led by representatives of the black majority. After making anti-government comments, he was convicted of sedition and imprisoned between 1964 and 1974. On release, he fled to Mozambique, established his leadership of ZANU, and oversaw its role in the Rhodesian Bush War, fighting Ian Smith’s predominantly white government. He reluctantly took part in the peace negotiations brokered by the United Kingdom that resulted in the Lancaster House Agreement. The agreement ended the war and resulted in the 1980 general election, in which Mugabe led ZANU-PF to victory. As Prime Minister of the newly renamed Zimbabwe, Mugabe’s administration expanded healthcare and education and—despite his professed Marxist desire for a socialist society—adhered largely to the mainstream, conservative economic policies.
Mugabe’s calls for racial reconciliation failed to stem growing white emigration, while relations with Joshua Nkomo’s Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) also deteriorated. In the Gukurahundi of 1982–1987, Mugabe’s Fifth Brigade crushed ZAPU-linked opposition in Matabeleland in a campaign that killed at least 10,000 people, mostly Ndebele civilians. Internationally, he sent troops into the Second Congo War and chaired the Non-Aligned Movement (1986–89), the Organisation of African Unity (1997–98), and the African Union (2015–16). Pursuing decolonization, Mugabe emphasized the redistribution of land controlled by white farmers to landless blacks, initially on a “willing seller–willing buyer” basis. Frustrated at the slow rate of redistribution, from 2000 he encouraged black Zimbabweans to violently seize white-owned farms. Food production was severely impacted, leading to famine, economic decline, and international sanctions. Opposition to Mugabe grew, but he was re-elected in 2002, 2008, and 2013 through campaigns dominated by violence, electoral fraud, and nationalistic appeals to his rural Shona voter base. In 2017, members of his own party ousted him in a coup, replacing him with former vice president Emmerson Mnangagwa. He died in Singapore.
Having dominated Zimbabwe’s politics for nearly four decades, Mugabe was a controversial figure. He was praised as a revolutionary hero of the African liberation struggle who helped free Zimbabwe from British colonialism, imperialism, and white minority rule. Critics accused Mugabe of being a dictator responsible for economic mismanagement, widespread corruption, anti-white racism, human rights abuses, and crimes against humanity.
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The nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. Invertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called motor or efferent nerves, while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called sensory or afferent. Spinal nerves serve both functions and are called mixed nerves. The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems, the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state. The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system. Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems function involuntarily. Nerves that exit from the cranium are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
At the cellular level, the nervous system is defined by the presence of a special type of cell, called the neuron, also known as a “nerve cell”. Neurons have special structures that allow them to send signals rapidly and precisely to other cells. They send these signals in the form of electrochemical waves traveling along thin fibers called axons, which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses. A cell that receives a synaptic signal from a neuron may be excited, inhibited, or otherwise modulated. The connections between neurons can form neural pathways, neural circuits, and larger networks that generate an organism’s perception of the world and determine its behavior. Along with neurons, the nervous system contains other specialized cells called glial cells (or simply glia), which provide structural and metabolic support.
Nervous systems are found in most multicellular animals but vary greatly in complexity. The only multicellular animals that have no nervous system at all are sponges, placozoans, and mesozoans, which have very simple body plans. The nervous systems of the radially symmetric organisms ctenophores (comb jellies) and cnidarians (which include anemones, hydras, corals and jellyfish) consist of a diffuse nerve net. All other animal species, with the exception of a few types of worm, have a nervous system containing a brain, a central cord (or two cords running in parallel), and nerves radiating from the brain and central cord. The size of the nervous system ranges from a few hundred cells in the simplest worms, to around 300 billion cells in African elephants. The central nervous system functions to send signals from one cell to others, or from one part of the body to others and to receive feedback. Malfunction of the nervous system can occur as a result of genetic defects, physical damage due to trauma or toxicity, infection or simply of aging. The medical specialty of neurology studies disorders of the nervous system and looks for interventions that can prevent or treat them. In the peripheral nervous system, the most common problem is the failure of nerve conduction, which can be due to different causes including diabetic neuropathy and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscience is the field of science that focuses on the study of the nervous system.
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