{"id":65479,"date":"2019-09-19T19:14:12","date_gmt":"2019-09-19T23:14:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/effectsofanxiety.net\/?p=65479"},"modified":"2019-09-19T19:14:12","modified_gmt":"2019-09-19T23:14:12","slug":"65479","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/effectsofanxiety.net\/archives\/65479","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"The skinhead subculture originated among working-class youths in London, England in the 1960s and soon spread to other parts of the United Kingdom, with a second working class skinhead movement emerging worldwide in the 1980s. Motivated by social alienation and working-class solidarity, skinheads (often shortened to “skins”) are defined by their close-cropped or shaven heads and working-class clothing such as Dr. Martens and steel toe work boots, braces (or suspenders in American English), high rise and varying length straight-leg jeans, and button-down collar shirts, usually slim fitting in check or plain. The movement reached a peak during the 1960s, experienced a revival in the 1980s, and, since then, has endured in multiple contexts worldwide.\nThe rise to prominence of skinheads came in two waves, with the first wave taking place in the late 1960s and the second wave originating in the mid-1970s to early 1980s. The first skinheads were working-class youths motivated by an expression of alternative values and working-class pride, rejecting both the austerity and conservatism of the 1950s-early 1960s and the more middle class or bourgeois hippie movement and peace and love ethos of the mid to late 1960s. Skinheads were instead drawn towards more working-class outsider subcultures, incorporating elements of early working-class mod fashion and black Jamaican music and fashion, especially from Jamaican rude boys. In the earlier stages of the movement, a considerable overlap existed between early skinhead subculture, mod subculture, and the rude boy subculture found among Jamaican British and Jamaican immigrant youth, as these three groups interacted and fraternized with each other within the same working-class and poor neighborhoods in Britain. As skinheads adopted elements of mod subculture and Jamaican British and Jamaican immigrant rude boy subculture, both first and second generation skins were influenced by the heavy, repetitive rhythms of dub and ska, as well as rocksteady, reggae, bluebeat, and African-American soul music. Members of the second generation in the 1980s were often ex-punks. However, many of these second-generation ex-punk skinheads, though fans of ska and reggae like the previous generation of skinheads, continued to listen to and create punk music and were heavily involved in the punk movement. Skinhead subculture has remained closely connected with and has overlapped with punk subculture ever since. 1980s skins were closely aligned with first-wave punk, working-class Oi! and street punk, ska, reggae, 2 Tone ska, ska-punk, dub, anarchists and anarcho-punks, and hardcore punk. Contemporary skinhead fashions range from clean-cut 1960s mod-influenced styles to less-strict punk- and hardcore-influenced styles. During the early 1980s, political affiliations grew in significance and split the subculture, distancing the far right and far left strands, although many skins describe themselves as apolitical. As a pro-working class movement that was initially highly regionalized and excluded by society’s moral norms, skinhead culture sometimes attracted some violent and hard-line political elements and was eventually tainted in the mid-1980s by the tabloid hysteria of fringe and violent racial elements representing extreme racism. From the 1990s, disaffected, Neo-Fascist or Neo-Nazi youths in the former nation of East Germany, Spain, Finland, Central and Eastern European countries such as Russia adopted the style. However, many skinheads remain influenced by dissident, pro-working class left-wing, syndicalist, or center-left type politics or otherwise independent pro-working class politics that have been part of the movement since the beginning, particularly in the U.K. and the U.S., while others continue to embrace the subculture as a largely apolitical working-class movement.\n\nsee more at Wikipedia<\/a>\n\n