Author: Leaman Ralph

A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event that causes stress to an organism.An event that triggers the stress response may include: environmental stressors (hypo or hyper-thermic temperatures, elevated sound levels, over-illumination, overcrowding) daily stress events (e.g., traffic, lost keys, money, quality and quantity of physical activity) life changes (e.g., divorce, bereavement) workplace stressors (e.g., high job demand vs. low job control, repeated or sustained exertions, forceful exertions, extreme postures) chemical stressors (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, drugs) social stressor (e.g., societal and family demands)Stressors have physical, chemical and mental responses inside of the body. Physical stressors produce mechanical stresses on skin, bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles and nerves that cause tissue deformation and in extreme cases tissue failure. Chemical stresses also produce biomechanical responses associated with metabolism and tissue repair. Physical stressors may produce pain and impair work performance. Chronic pain and impairment requiring medical attention may result from extreme physical stressors or if there is not sufficient recovery time between successive exposures.Stressors may also affect mental function and performance. One possible mechanism involves stimulation of the hypothalamus, CRF (corticotropin release factor) -> pituitary gland releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) -> adrenal cortex secretes various stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) -> stress hormones (30 varieties) travel in the blood stream to relevant organs, e.g., glands, heart, intestines -> flight-or-fight response. Between this flow there is an alternate path that can be taken after the stressor is transferred to the hypothalamus, which leads to the sympathetic nervous system. After which, the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine. Mental and social stressors may affect behavior and how individuals respond to physical and chemical stressors.

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Hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo meaning “below”) to perform needed gas exchange. By definition it causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis. Hypoventilation is not synonymous with respiratory arrest, in which breathing ceases entirely and death occurs within minutes due to hypoxia and leads rapidly into complete anoxia, although both are medical emergencies. Hypoventilation can be considered a precursor to hypoxia and its lethality is attributed to hypoxia with carbon dioxide toxicity.

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IBM Tivoli Workload Scheduler is a family group of IBM Tivoli workload automation products that plan, execute and keep tabs on careers on several programs and surroundings. It includes two products: Workload Scheduler for z/Operating-system, recently known as OPC Workload Scheduler, recently known as Maestro when IBM attained Unison Software in 1997Plus some ancillary applications Workload Scheduler for Applications – for taking care of business applications like SAP, Oracle and PeopleSoft () Active Workload Broker – for automating grid software environmentsProducts can be included to plan and keep an eye on from an individual point of control by using a Java unit called JSC (Job Arranging Unit) or in the latest types with a online interface called TDWC (Tivoli Active Workload Unit). Workload Scheduler for z/Operating-system (TWSz) was formerly stated in the 1970s by IBM’s Nordic Lab in Lidingo, Sweden where it was known as OPC, which means “Functions Planning and Control”. In 1989 the name was transformed to Procedures Planning and Control/Advanced (OPC/A) when many advanced functions were added and the merchandise has remained very similar since. The name modified again to Functions Planning and Control/ESA (Organization Systems Structures) when later modified to work in a Sysplex Environment. After IBM bought the Tivoli company and OPC came up under Tivoli’s umbrella it was quickly renamed TME/10 (Tivoli Management Environment/10), then to Tivoli Workload Scheduler, but as Tivoli experienced recently renamed Maestro to Tivoli Workload Scheduler OPC was renamed Tivoli Workload Scheduler for z/Operating-system. However, the name Procedures Planning and Control continuing to seem on the principal option -panel and anywhere else until Version 8 Release 5. The TWSz version volumes jumped from Version 3 to Version 8 to align with TWSd (Maestro). Workload Scheduler (TWSd) was formerly made by Unison Software where it was known as Maestro. Maestro was bought by the Tivoli company when they realised the necessity for a Unix scheduler. It had been renamed Tivoli Workload Scheduler (TWS). IBM bought the Tivoli company and offered it the duty for systems management, both allocated and mainframe. Tivoli initially made a decision to drop OPC and, because Maestro acquired a realtor that ran on zOS, get OPC customers to migrate to Maestro. When it became evident that Maestro couldn’t replace OPC, Tivoli helped bring OPC under the Tivoli Workload Scheduler name. Lots of the OPC ideas were ported to Maestro. In 1988 users of OPC (later known as Tivoli Workload Scheduler) as well as support from IBM, founded ASAP – TWS Education + Training (previously known as OPC/A Users Seminar Inc.) – a volunteer, consumer supported, not-for-profit group which is been able with a volunteer panel of directors (associates of member companies) and given by MeetingWorks, LLC of New London, CT.

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A stress position, also known as a submission position, places the human body in such a way that a great amount of weight is placed on just one or two muscles. For example, a subject may be forced to stand on the balls of his feet, then squat so that his thighs are parallel to the ground. This creates an intense amount of pressure on the legs, leading first to pain and then muscle failure. Forcing prisoners to adopt such positions is an enhanced interrogation technique used for extracting information.

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In software development, effort estimation is the process of predicting the most realistic amount of effort (expressed in terms of person-hours or money) required to develop or maintain software based on incomplete, uncertain and noisy input. Effort estimates may be used as input to project plans, iteration plans, budgets, investment analyses, pricing processes and bidding rounds.

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In cognitive psychology, cognitive load refers to the effort being used in the working memory. Cognitive load theory was developed out of the study of problem solving by John Sweller in the late 1980s. Sweller argued that instructional design can be used to reduce cognitive load in learners. Cognitive load theory differentiates cognitive load into three types: intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. Intrinsic cognitive load is the effort associated with a specific topic. Extraneous cognitive load refers to the way information or tasks are presented to a learner. And, germane cognitive load refers to the work put into creating a permanent store of knowledge, or a schema. Researchers Paas and Van Merriënboer developed a way to measure perceived mental effort which is indicative of cognitive load. Task-invoked pupillary response is a reliable and sensitive measurement of cognitive load that is directly related to working memory. Measuring humans’ pupil responses has the potential to improve human–computer interaction and adaptive decision support systems. Heavy cognitive load can have negative effects on task completion, and it is important to note that the experience of cognitive load is not the same in everyone. The elderly, students, and children experience different, and more often higher, amounts of cognitive load. High cognitive load in the elderly has been shown to affect their center of balance. With increased distractions and cell phone use students are more prone to experiencing high cognitive load which can reduce academic success. Children have less general knowledge than adults which increases their cognitive load. Recent theoretical advances include the incorporation of embodied cognition in order to predict the cognitive load resulting from embodied interactions.

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A shear stress, often denoted by τ (Greek: tau), is the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section. Shear stress arises from the force vector component parallel to the cross section of the material. Normal stress, on the other hand, arises from the force vector component perpendicular to the material cross section on which it acts. Shear stress arises from shear forces, which are pairs of equal and opposing forces acting on opposite sides of an object.

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In politics and military planning, a war effort refers to a coordinated mobilization of society’s resources—both industrial and human—towards the support of a military force. Depending on the militarization of the culture, the relative size of the armed forces and the society supporting them, the style of government, and the popular support for the military objectives, such war effort can range from a small industry to complete command of society. Although many societies were retroactively perceived to be engaged in a war effort, the concept was not generally used until the last decade of the 18th century, when the leaders of the French Revolution called for the levée en masse and a general mobilization of society to prevent monarchist forces from reclaiming control of the French government. The concept was subsequently adapted and used by Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, especially during World War I and World War II. The term war effort was coined in conjunction with these efforts.

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The word workload can make reference to a variety of yet related entities.

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In psychology, stress is a feeling of strain and pressure. Stress is a type of psychological pain. Small amounts of stress may be desired, beneficial, and even healthy. Positive stress helps improve athletic performance. It also plays a factor in motivation, adaptation, and reaction to the environment. Excessive amounts of stress, however, may lead to bodily harm. Stress can increase the risk of strokes, heart attacks, ulcers, and mental illnesses such as depression.Stress can be external and related to the environment, but may also be caused by internal perceptions that cause an individual to experience anxiety or other negative emotions surrounding a situation, such as pressure, discomfort, etc., which they then deem stressful.Humans experience stress, or perceive things as threatening, when they do not believe that their resources for coping with obstacles (stimuli, people, situations, etc.) are enough for what the circumstances demand. When people think the demands being placed on them exceed their ability to cope, they then perceive stress.

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